Analysis of sugars

The purpose of the experiment is to illustrate the application of derivatisation in the analysis of sugar and related substances by gas-liquid chromatography. The silylation method described is an almost universal derivatisation procedure for carbohydrate analysis by GC.79... 

Pukl, M. and Prosek, M. (1990). Rapid quantitative TLC analysis of sugars using an improved commonly used solvent system. /. Planar Chromatogr. 3,173-176. 

Ion Chromatography. Ion chromatography is a specialised technique that uses high-performance ion exchange columns. Its major use in the food industry is the analysis of sugars. 

Gas lasers, 14 681-696 carbon dioxide, 14 693-696 excimer lasers, 14 691-693 helium-neon, 14 681-683 ion lasers, 14 683-688 molecular nitrogen, 14 688-691 Gas lift electrolyte circulation, 9 621 Gas-liquid base stocks, 15 217 Gas-liquid chromatography (glc), 6 374 analysis of sugars via, 23 476 silylation for, 22 692, 697 Gas-liquid contactor, reciprocating jet,... 

Charcoal and Activated Carbon Tiselius used charcoal for the frontal analysis of sugars, amino acids and other substances. Charcoal absorbs strongly aromatic substances, such as amino acids, which may be explained by virtue of the fact that the carbon-carbon spacings in graphite are almost of the same order as those present in benzene. Charcoal is also employed for the adsorption of fatty acids. 

Medeiros PM, Simoneit BRT, Analysis of sugars in environmental samples by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, J Chromatography A 1141 271—278, 2007. 

Lead tetraacetate is used as a highly selective oxidizing agent in organic synthesis. This includes oxidation of glycols into aldehydes, preparation of cyclohexyl acetate, production of oxahc acid, and in structural analysis of sugars. 

Wang Q, Fang Y. Analysis of sugars in traditional Chinese drugs. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 812, 309-324, 2004. 

Polyols too are important in the wine industry, as glycerol is related to the sensory characteristic of smoothness, while inositol is used as a purity parameter for concentrated rectified musts [47], Analysis of sugars is carried out in cider production [48],... 

A classic HPLC analysis of sugars is made by means of an isocratic elution with R1 detection hence the only degree of freedom is the choice of the column on which the level of separation depends. More recent issues that do not allow the use of isocratic elution are the use of an ELS detector or an electrochemical detector (ED). 

Often used in the past for problematical compounds but with gradual improvement of reverse phases increasingly less used. Useful for chromatography of very lipophilic compounds such as in the separation of different classes of lipids and in the analysis of surfactants, which tend to form micelles under the conditions used for reverse-phase chromatography A moderately polar phase often used for the analysis of sugars and surfactants... 

Inorganic quantitative analysis of sugar cane juice, vinasse, and molasses. 1. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur and phosphorus determination in single ex- SO099 tract. An Esc Super Agr Luiz Dr Queiroz Univ Sao Paulo 1972 29 5. 

Table 1.3 Analysis of sugars in lignosulfonate materials (after Mouton and Joisel)...

Amperometric detection is a very sensitive technique. In principle, voltammetric detectors can be used for all compounds which have functional groups which are easily reduced or oxidized. Apart from a few cations (Fe , Co ), it is chiefly anions such as cyanide, sulfide and nitrite which can be determined in the ion analysis sector. The most important applications lie however in the analysis of sugars by anion chromatography and in clinical analysis using a form of amperometric detection know as Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD). 

Only model studies have so far been reported, and the method has not yet been applied to the analysis of sugar mixtures, with the exceptions noted.48,49 The recovery of glucose-14C trifluoroacetate from a column of Carbowax 20 M or SF-96 has been shown to be 5 to 14% and 3 to 5%, respectively.208 Table III (p. 112) records further details of the separation of sugars and their derivatives as trifluoroacetates. 

The chemistry of the 2,5-anhydrides of aldoses subsequently entered a prolonged lull, and Peat s review21 of 1946 in this Series does not report on any work later than 1925. The experimental basis of the deamination of amino sugars with nitrous acid was, nevertheless, established. The progress afterwards made in the conformational analysis of sugars made it possible for Shafizadeh22 to draw a parallel with the nitrous acid deamination of the aminocyclohexanols, and to rationalize the whole of these results. 

In most cases, the small amount of newly synthesized glycosphingo-lipids can only be identified by the analysis of sugar composition, immunological activity, or t.l.c. mobility. These methods, however, cannot unequivocally distinguish the positional isomers. The highly... 

Roggo, Y., Duponchel, L., and Huvenne, J.-P. (2003), Comparison of supervised pattern recognition methods with McNemar s statistical test Application to qualitative analysis of sugar beet by near-infrared spectroscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta, All, 187-200. 

Several reviews have already been published on the subject, for example, the acetala-tion of alditols [4], of aldoses and aldosides [5,6], and of ketoses [7]. Some aspects of the stereochemistry of cyclic acetals have been discussed in a review dealing with cyclic derivatives of carbohydrates [8], also in a general article [9] and, more recently, in a chapter of a monograph devoted to the stereochemistry and the conformational analysis of sugars [10], Aspects on predicting reactions patterns of alditol-aldehyde reactions are reviewed within a general series of books on carbohydrates [11]. The formation and migration of cyclic acetals of carbohydrates have also been reviewed [12,13],... 

Albersheim, P Nevins, D.J., English, P.D., and Karr, A. 1967. A method for the analysis of sugars in plant cell-wall polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. Carbohvdr. Res. 5 340-345. 

RF McFeeters, RL Thompson, HP Renting. Liquid chromatographic analysis of sugars, acids, and ethanol in lactic acid vegetable fermentations. J Assoc Anal Chem 67(4) 710-714, 1984. 

The second method, using refractive index (RI) detection, is carried out using a resin-based polymer column. Sucrose elutes first from this column, followed by glucose, fructose and then sorbitol. This type of column is generally more robust than the amino-bonded column and if handled well will last much longer however, it is around three times more expensive. The method has been collaboratively tested for the analysis of sugars and sorbitol in fruit juices by the IFU. The HPLC conditions are given below. 

However, sometimes simple methods such as that developed by Low in the early 1990s using capillary gas chromatography, which is readily available in well-equipped laboratories around the world, can expose major problems of adulteration (Low Hammond, 1996). Here a well-established technique, analysis of sugars by capillary gas chromatography, was able to be applied to detect two routes that were known to be used to extend juices, the addition of HFCS and invert syrups. The method also discovered the adulteration of apple juices with another type of sugar syrup that had only been proposed as a possible adulterant. 

Analysis of Sugars in Plant Cell-Wall Polysaccharides by Gas-Liquid Chromatography Carbohydr. Res. 1967, 5, 340-345. 

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