Methanol nature

See also Biofuels Capital Investment Decisions Hydrogen Kinetic Energy, Historical Evolution of the Use of Methanol Natural Gas, Processing and Conversion of. 

Interestingly, the PEMFC may also operate directly on methanol. Naturally, the problems associated with high coverage of various intermediates will be present, as mentioned above, as well as additional problems such as loss of methanol over the membrane. Nevertheless, it is possible to operate a methanol fuel cell with a voltage around 0.4 V and a reasonable current, to power small mobile devices such as portable computers and cell phones and make them independent of connection to the conventional power net. For more details on fuel cells we refer the reader to L. Carr-ette, K.A. Friedrich and U. Stimming, Fuel Cells 1(1) (2001) 5-39. 

Figure 26. Schematic of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The fuel cell stacks operate at 30—180 °C with 30—60% efficiency. Fuel options include pure hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, and gasoline.

Although liquid hydrogen, LH2, can be used as a fuel source, much of the recent fuel cell research is focusing on the partial oxidation of methanol, natural gas, ethanol, or gasoline to produce the necessary hydrogen. Catalysts that aid in the partial oxidation of these fuels yields a readily available, rich source of hydrogen. Water is the primary exhaust emission produced by fuel cell powered vehicles. If a carbon-based fuel source is utilized, then a carbon-containing by-product will also be produced. 

Haldor Topsoe Methanol Natural gas, naphtha, fuel oil Features one or two step reforming with low energy synthesis/distillation 16 2000... 

Krupp Udhe Methanol Natural gas, LPG and heavy naphtha Steam reforming process cost-effectively manufactures methanol from varying feedstocks 11 NA... 

Lurgi 01 Gas Chemie GmbH Methanol Natural gas, naphtha, vacuum residue, natural gas Oxygen-operated syngas generation, two-step isothermal synthesis with maximum yield and very large single-train capacity 40 2000... 

Methane Ammonia Methanol Natural gas Methane Methane... 

Dyestuffs, natural Ethyl acetate, natural Fustic wood extract Gambier extract Gum naval stores, processing but not gathering or warehousing Hardwood distillates Hemlock extract Logwood extract Mangrove extract Methanol, natural (wood alcohol) Methyl acetone Methyl alcohol, natural (wood alcohol)... 

Davy Process Technology, UK/Johnson Matthey Catalysts Methanol Natural gas or associated gas The process produces methanol from natural gas or associated gas via a reforming step or from syngas generated by gasification of coal, coke or biomass. The reforming/gasification step is followed by compression, methanol synthesis and distillation 87 2010... 

Methanol Casale SA Methanol Natural gas To produce methanol from natural gas. The process is based on Casale s highly efficient plate-cooled technology for the methanol converter NA NA... 

Toyo Engineering Corp. (TOYO) Methanol Natural gas-based synthesis gas and naphtha Federal-grade AA refined methanol is produced from natural gas-based synthesis gas and naphtha using Synthesis Gas Generation technologies and proprietary MRF-Z reactor. 20 NA... 

Fnel-cell electric power generation. Ammonia, methanol, natural gas, or hydrogen conld become significant, environmentally attractive, somces of electric power if nsed in fuel cells as local somces of electricity. Whether methanol or ammonia prodnced by OTEC will be nsed as fuel somces will depend on the cost relative to the costs of the fuels derived from natural gas. 

The advantages of small fuel cells often depend on the method used for the supply of fuel. Currently small fuel cell systems predominantly use some form of hydrogen storage. It is anticipated, however, that in the future, small systems will also utilize proeessed forms of common fuels (e.g., methanol, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas) as weU as unprocessed methanol. 

Methanol (natural gas) Methanol (renewable wood) Hydrogen (natural gas)... 

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