Metastasis of prostate cancer

Kobayashi A, Okuda H, Xing F, Pandey PR, Watabe M, Hirota S, Pai SK, Liu W, Ftikuda K, Chambers C, Wilber A, Watabe K. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 in dormancy and metastasis of prostate cancer stem cells in bone. J Exp Med. 

Fig. 12.4a-f. Orbital metastasis of prostate cancer affects major wing of sphenoid bone and extraconal compartment of orbit, with bony spiculae extending into the intra-oibital soft tissue mass (arrows). Metastasis causes proptosis of left eyeball (axial MDCT images, a and b), compression of optic nerve in... 

BHA 09] Bharadwaj A.G., KOVAR J.L., Loughman E. et al, Spontaneous Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Is Promoted by Excess Hyaluronan Synthesis and Pmcess,m American Jaumal of Pathology, vo. 174, pp. 1027-1036, 2009. 

Ultrasensitive assays for PSA contribute to the earlier detection of prostate cancer relapse and (or) residual disease in prostatectomized patients as well as the more timely evaluation of response to current therapies. PSA determinations can be useful in detecting metastatic or persistent disease in patients following surgical or medical treatment of prostate cancer. Persistent elevation of PSA following treatment, or an increase in the pretreatment PSA concentrations, is indicative of recurrent or residual disease. Hence, PSA is widely accepted as an aid in the management of prostate cancer patients, and serum levels are most useful when sequential values are obtained and monitored over time. After complete removal of the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), PSA levels should become very low or undetectable. A rise of the serum PSA level in prostatectomy patients indicates residual prostate tissue, recurrence, or metastasis of the disease (13, 16, 24, 36). 

MS-based mass profiling combined with multivariate analysis identified platelet factor 4, a chemokine with prothrombolytic and antiangiogenic activities, as a diagnostically predictive protein in depleted serum of prostate cancer patients [99]. SELDI-TOF-MS was applied to the discovery of serum markers of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Unique isoforms of serum amyloid A were identified in these patients. Machine-learning algorithms were used to identify these patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 89% [100],... 

Rabbani, S. A., Gladu, J., Harakidas, R, Jamison, B. and Goltzman, D. (1999). Over-production of parathyroid hormone-related peptide results in increased osteolytic skeletal metastasis by prostate cancer cells in vivo. Inti. J. Cancer 80, 257-264. 

Furthermore, a diet with low contents of FA may be involved in the development of insulin resistance, which suggests that an appropriate dietary intake of n-3 PUFA is considered protective against metabolic syndrome [183]. In addition, diverse psyquiatric impairs (depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, autism) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease have been associated to decreased blood levels of n-3 HUFA. Besides, there are many examples about the use of pol)nmsaturated FA as drugs. Thus, EPA has shown efficacy as adjunctive treatment, and in some cases as the only treatment in several psyquiatric disorders [184]. It is suggested that the potential of n-3 FA to prevent recurrence and metastasis of mammary cancer when used in adjuvant therapy is associated with a n-6 to n-3 ratio lower than 2 1 [185], On the other hand, fish intake is considered as a protective factor for preventing prostate cancer in addition, in humans low levels of ALA in mammary adipose tissue are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women [186]. 

Genistein and daidzein directly affect testosterone metabolism, reducing the toxic metabolites of testosterone. Genistein, an isoflavone, also seems to slow or prevent the metastasis of invasive cancer cells. It is believed to work by preventing the formation of new blood vessels to cancerous tumors. Histoculture studies of genistein have shown that this phytochemical reduces the growth of prostatic cancer tissue. 

Kucuk, O., Chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 21,111-124, 2002. 

In experimental models of prostate cancer, dietary genistein inhibited metastasis of human prostate cancer in mice [310]. hi TRAMP mice, lifelong exposure to dietary genistein suppressed the development of cancerous lesions by 50 % and advanced prostate cancer by 35 % [392]. It is currently believed that genistein consumption is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer by modulating androgen-dependent transcription program within prostate [239]. 

Pollard M, Luckert PH (1991) The inhibitory effect of 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (4-HPR) on metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma-III cells in Lobund-Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 59 159-163... 

In malignant prostate epithelial cells, auto- and paracrine release of ET-1 is a critical factor in ETA receptor-mediated proliferation [5]. In addition, the ET-1/ETa receptor axis has emerged as a potential target in prostate cancer bone metastasis... 

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