Spontaneous metastasis

Francia G, Cruz-Munoz W, Man S et al (2011) Mouse models of advanced spontaneous metastasis for experimental therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 11 135-141... 

Box GM, Eccles SA (2011) Simple experimental and spontaneous metastasis assays in mice. Methods Mol Biol 769 311-329... 

Alternatively, models of spontaneous metastasis from a primary tumor at either a subcutaneous site or better an orthotopic site may be used. Because of rapid primary tumor growth it is often resected to allow time for metastases to grow. Therefore, multiple metrics, including number of metastases, metastatic sites, relapse rate, time to recurrence, tumor growth rate, survival and... 

Spontaneous Metastasis from a Primary Foot Pad Tumor... 

Spontaneous Metastasis Assay from a Primary Mammary Fat Pad Tumor Resection... 

Spontaneous Metastasis Following Resection of a Primary Tumor... 

In these models, tumor cells are typically injected into the flank region where they generally do not form spontaneous metastasis to other tissues (1). In contrast, injecting tumor cells (2) or tumor fragments (3) into orthotopic sites provides a tissue environment more similar to the tissue of origin of the cancer cells and increases the frequency of spontaneous metastasis. Orthotopic models may, therefore, offer a more clinically relevant model to study treatment effects on metastasis, as well as primary tumor growth (4-6). 

There are so many variations of the spontaneous metastasis assay that it is impossible to describe all of them here. Therefore, two approaches are provided as examples from which the reader is to... 

The mechanics for experimental metastasis assays are similar to those for the spontaneous metastasis assay. As above, volume and viscosity of the inoculum are important parameters. Volumes should never exceed 0.2 ml because plasma blood volume exceeds the normal range ( 10%) such that the distribution pattern of cells is altered. Tumor density is even more critical for intravascular injections since introduction of emboli can cause death because of vascular obstruction. Therefore, the same concentration maximums reported above are also applicable for this type of assay. 

Bailly, M. and Dor6, J.-F. (1991). Human tumor spontaneous metastasis in im-munosuppressed newborn rats. II. Multiple selections of human melanoma metastatic clones and variants. Inti. J. Cancer 49,750-757. 

Berlin, O., Samid, D., Donthineni-Rao, R., Akeson, W., Amiel, D. and Woods, V. L. (1993). Development of a novel spontaneous metastasis model of human osteosarcoma transplanted orthotopically into bone of athymic nude mice. Cancer Res. S3,4890-4895. 

CmaUc, S., Hakansson, L, Boquist, L., Lofvenberg, R. and Brostrbm, L. A. (1997). A novel spontaneous metastasis model of human osteosarcoma developed using orthotopic transplantation of intact tumor tissue into tibia of nude mice. Clin. Exptl. Metastasis 15, 164-172. 

Mueller, B. M., Romerdahl, C. A., Trent, J. M. and Reisfeld, R. A. (1991). Suppression of spontaneous metastasis in Scid mice with an antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 51, 2193-2198. 

Cairns RA, Kalliomaki T, Hill RP. Acute (cyclic) hypoxia enhances spontaneous metastasis of KHT murine tumors. Cancer Res 2001 61 8903-8908. 

C23H34N3O10P, Mr 543.51, mp. of Na salt 173-178 °C (decomp.). An antibiotic from cultures of 5(/iepw/nyces tanashiensis and other actinomycetes. P. is an inhibitor of thermolysin, encephalinase, and endothelin converting enzyme. It inhibits the spontaneous metastasis of certain tumor cells. P. is related to talopeptin, a metalloproteinase inhibitor. For total synthesis, see Lit.. ... 

A recent report (30) on the possible effect of CLA on metastasis demonstrated that CLA, at concentrations of 0.5-1%, had a significant effect on the latency, metastasis, and pulmonary tumor burden of transplantable murine mammary tumors grown in mice fed 20% fat diets. The latency of tumors from mice fed CLA was significantly increased compared with that of mice fed the 0% CLA control diet. The volume of pulmonary tumor burden that resulted from spontaneous metastasis, decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Tumors of mice fed as little as 0.1% CLA and as much as 1% had significantly decreased numbers of pulmonary nodules compared with mice fed diets containing no CLA. Dietary CLA (0.5 and 1%) also seemed more efficient in decreasing pulmonary tumor burden than the eicosanoid... 

Cysteine proteinases are most impUcated in matrix degradation and thus in tumour growth and spontaneous metastasis. A comprehensive knowledge of their biochemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic influencabilty is useful as to tumour growth and metastasis prevention. 

K.j. Pienta, H. Nailk, A. Akhtar, K. Yamazaki, T.S. Replogle, J. Lehr, T.L. Donat, L. Tait, V. Hogan, and A. Raz, Inhihition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model hy oral administration of modified citrus pectin, / Natl. Cancer Inst., 87 (5), 348-353,1995. 

BHA 09] Bharadwaj A.G., KOVAR J.L., Loughman E. et al, Spontaneous Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Is Promoted by Excess Hyaluronan Synthesis and Pmcess,m American Jaumal of Pathology, vo. 174, pp. 1027-1036, 2009. 

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