Metal toxicity copper

Failure of the metal can be the most important effect of a corrosive water, but other eff ts may arise from small concentrations of metallic ion produced by corrosion. A natural water passed through a lead pipe may contain a toxic concentration of that metal with copper there is a greater tolerance from the toxicity point of view but staining of fabrics and sanitary fittings may be objectionable. With iron, similarly, discoloration of the water may be unpleasant and may cause damage to materials being processed. 

Many studies have reported the effects of metals on general soil microbiological processes. Metals including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc have been reported to inhibit many of the microbial processes listed above. Metal toxicity in the environment ultimately decreases litter decomposition, which can be measured by the rate of mass loss. Both copper (0.5 mg Cu g4 soil) and zinc (1.0 mg Zn g 1 soil) were shown to decrease the rate of decomposition of unpolluted Scots pine needle litter near a brass mill in Sweden.61 Duarte et al.63 also determined that copper and zinc toxicity reduced leaf decomposition rates and fungal reproduction. Other metals, such as cadmium, nickel, and lead, have also been reported to decrease litter decomposition.77... 

Shuman and Michael [10] applied a rotating disk electrode to the measurement of copper complex dissociation rate constants in marine coastal waters. An operational definition for labile and non-labile metal complexes was established on kinetic criteria. Samples collected off the mid-Atlantic coast of USA showed varying degrees of copper chelation. It is suggested that the technique should be useful for metal toxicity studies because of its ability to measure both equilibrium concentrations and kinetic availability of soluble metal. 

McKim, J.M., J.G. Eaton, and G.W. Holcombe. 1978. Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of eight species of freshwater fish — B copper. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 608-616. 

Devi, V.U. 1987. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes LatreiUe and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) tolerance to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 1020-1027. Devi, V.U. and Y.R Rao. 1989. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes Latreille and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) respiration on exposure to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. 

Although the toxicity of metallic copper is very low, many copper(II) salts may have varying degrees of toxicity. Inhalation of dusts, mists or fumes of the metal can cause nasal perforation, cough, dry throat, muscle ache, chills and metal fever. Copper in trace amounts is a nutritional requirement, used metaholically in plant and animal enzymes and other biological molecules. It can be either a toxicant or a nutrient within a concentration that may be in the same order of magnitude. 

Reactive oxygen species production is largely catalyzed by transition metals (especially copper and iron), and oxidative stress plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. In one study, the association of metal levels and Ap toxicity was demonstrated by (i) the effect on cell viability by metal alone and in the combination with APP and Ap, (ii) Ap-induced neurotoxicity relevant to oxidative stress indicated by ROS production, and (iii) APPsw cells expressed APP and generated Ap, so that Ap Cu2+ and APP Cu2+ can catalyze more ROS generation than APP cells that only expressed APP. 

The algal requirements for three essential trace metals—Fe, Mn and Zn—appear to determine trace metal toxicity in marine phytoplankton. Other essential metals such as copper or cobalt are sufficiently abundant that they more commonly function as toxicants than as limiting elements. Zinc presents the pecularity that it can both be limiting or toxic in most phytoplankters, the thresholds of Zn + limitation and toxicity are fairly close to each other, leaving a relatively narrow range of conditions that result in optimal growth. 

Enzyme induction is an indirect effect of metal toxicity. In consequence, it only appears after in-vivo metal application. Increase in capacity in the presence of toxic concentrations of metals implies that the enzyme involved is insensitive to or well masked from direct metal action. In Silene cucubalus POD and to a lesser extent ICDH were shown to be very tolerant to zinc, copper and cadmium applied in-vitro (Mathys, 1975). MDH extracted from roots of both copper tolerant and non-tolerant clones of Agrostis stolonifera was found to be insensitive in-vitro to copper concentrations up to 180 im. However, in the literature, conflicting results are reported about the effects of in-vitro and in-vivo application of metals on enzymes. In Phaseolus vulgaris, GDH was inhibited by cadmium in-vitro, while an induction was found after in-vivo application of a toxic dose of the same metal (Weigel and Jager, 1980b). 

Metal ion toxicity copper Local water quality... 

Metals (Pt, Ag, Ni) - Metal Phthalocyanines -Removal of toxics Copper/Chromium oxides -Change of reactivity of the carbon support Catalytic gasification Inhibition of oxidation... 

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