Toxic copper

Recovery of Toxic Copper from Printed Circuit Board Etchant for Reuse at Praegitzer industries, Inc., Dallas, Oregon, United States... 

Monugasiric animals, including humans, are less sensitive than ruminants to either copper deficiency or toxicity. Copper deficiency in people has been round only when other complications, such as excessive bleeding, general starvation, and iron deficiency, arc also present. Wilson s disease, an inherited disease ol humans, prevents the loss of excess copper tram the body and brings on copper toxicity. No direct relationships have been found between levels of avaitable copper in the soil and the copper status of humans. 

Metal ion toxicity copper Local water quality... 

Metals (Pt, Ag, Ni) - Metal Phthalocyanines -Removal of toxics Copper/Chromium oxides -Change of reactivity of the carbon support Catalytic gasification Inhibition of oxidation... 

The corrosion rate of a totally immersed copper sample in seawater is about 0.02-0.07 mm/yr and at half-tide the rate is 0.02-0.1 mm/yr. In this respect the corrosion resistance of copper is 2-5 times greater than mild steel under total immersion conditions and even greater under half-tide conditions. The copper loses its corrosion resistance in seawater of velocities greater than 1 m/s and the rate of dissolution is such that toxic copper species produced are beneficial in that they are used in marine antifouling agents. 

USE Manuf bronzes, brass other copper alloys, electrical conductors, ammunition, copper salts, works of art, Toxicity Copper itself probably has little or no toxicity although there are conflicting reports in the Literature. Soluble salts notably copper sulfate, are strong irritants to skin, mucous memhranes, Copper oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever. A relationship between copper and hemochromatosis has been reported, See E. Browning, Toxicity of Industrial Metals (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 2nd ed, 1969) pp 145-152. 

Kawabe et al [1985] reported the effects of velocity on the attachment of marine organisms on toxic copper and copper alloy sea water pipes. They observed that a wall velocity of 0.4 m/s would be sufficient to prevent attachment of barnacles over a twelve month period (i.e. full range of seasonal effects). On the other hand mussels were not similarly affected because the attachment to the pipe surface reduced the effects of the toxicity of copper ions. 

Although trace amounts of copper are essential for life, copper in large amounts is quite toxic copper salts are used to kill bacteria, fungi, and algae. For example, paints containing copper are used on ship hulls to prevent fouling by marine organisms. 

Copper is an essential element, being active in many enzymes and hemocyanin. Copper is an essential nutrient element to animals and plants. However, high Cu accumulation in animals and plants can be toxic. Copper is found in three oxidation states including cupric (+2), cuprous (+1), and elemental Cu (0). Cu+ and Cu + are the most important forms and are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in soils and sediments (Figure 12.7). Cu+ and Cu + can exist in aqueous systems, although the latter is much more dominant. Copper is widely distributed in nature in its elemental state and in the form of sulfide, arsenite, chloride, and carbonates. The earth s crust on an average contains approximately 50 ppm copper. Soil and sediment contain approximately... 

Although copper is as inherently toxic as many other heavy metals and is present in a number of tissues in concentrations at which many metals exhibit toxicity, copper toxicosis in human beings occurs only in about five individuals in a million. Except where suicidal attempts involve the ingestion of thousands of times the normal daily intake of copper, or where copper enters the body by other than the gasto-intestinal tract, copper toxicosis of man is seen solely in those individuals who inherit a pair of abnormal autosomal genes, the effect of which appears to be to impair a normal excretory route for copper absorbed in excess of what is metabolically essential. Copper toxicosis eventuates not merely because there is too much in the body, but because the excess is not Incorporated into specific copper proteins which would... 

The results of a study on the biological parameters related to MIC of copper showed that microorganisms can protect themselves from the toxic copper ions by increasing the... 

It is always questionable whether complex formation decreases or increases metal mobility and toxicity. Copper, for example, forms water-soluble chelate complexes [56], but can also cause aggregation of two fulvic acid molecules [57], reducing hereby the solubility of itself and the fulvic acid, too. As far as toxicity is concerned, humic acids influence its decrease, as well as its inCTease, which has also been mentioned above. 

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