Metal lakes

There are three general classifications of acid dyes depending on their method of apphcation acid dyes that dye direcdy from the dyebath, mordant dyes that are capable of forming metallic lakes on the fiber when aftertreated with metallic salts, and premetallized dyes. 

Several metal lakes have been prepared from this parent structure of all (3-oxy-naphthoic acid pigments. The list includes the barium salt (P.R.64), the calcium salt (P.R.64 1), and the copper lake, which is registered as Pigment Brown 5. The pigments are rarely used in Europe, and their impact on the market in Japan and the USA has also decreased considerably. 

The true character of a number of these bodies only appears in their combinations with metallic oxides in other words, the oxyquinones belong to the class of mordant-dyeing colouring-matters. They are especially distinguished by the beauty and fastness of their metallic lakes. 

Figure 7.2 Alloy chemical process piping being welded to code specifications in a welding shop. Courtesy of Custom Metal, Lake Charles, LA.

Mild steel is a widely used material in recirculating water systems, where it is protected from corrosion by the presence of inhibitors. Traditionally, chromates and Zn salts have been the most commonly used inhibitors in these systems. However, because of government restrictions on the discharge of heavy metals (Lake 1988) and the toxicity of chromates (US Public Health Service 1989), alternative inhibitors which are environmentally acceptable, are receiving increased attention. 

Dissolves in alkaline solutions to give purple-red solutions which are precipitated as lakes by heavy metal salts. Occurs naturally as a glucoside in madder but produced synthetically by fusing anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid with NaOH and some KCIO3. Applied to the mordanted fibre. Al(OH)3 gives a bright red lake, Cr(OH)3 a red lake, FefOH) ... 

Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white. 

Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucte (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. 

Terg-O-Tometer Terg-o-tometer Terlinguaite [12394-37-5] Termamyl Terminal lakes Terminal sterilization Ternary polymer blends Terne metal... 

In natural water, the half-hves fall between these extremes. For example, the half-life of Lake Zbrich water (pH 8, 1.5 meq/LHCO ) is 10 min (27). The decomposition in natural water also can be initiated by trace metal ions, eg, Fe , promoted by impurities such as organic matter, and inhibited by HO radical scavengers, eg, HCO3, COg , HPO (25,28). 

Rubidium [7440-17-7] Rb, is an alkali metal, ie, ia Group 1 (lA) of the Periodic Table. Its chemical and physical properties generally He between those of potassium (qv) and cesium (see Cesiumand cesium compounds Potassium compounds). Rubidium is the sixteenth most prevalent element ia the earth s cmst (1). Despite its abundance, it is usually widely dispersed and not found as a principal constituent ia any mineral. Rather it is usually associated with cesium. Most mbidium is obtained from lepidoHte [1317-64-2] an ore containing 2—4% mbidium oxide [18088-11-4]. LepidoHte is found ia Zimbabwe and at Bernic Lake, Canada. 

On the other hand, wet chlorination of refinery slimes has proven to be a rapid and simple method of obtaining high extractions of selenium from slimes. A simple wet chlorination flow sheet is shown in Figure 3. Slimes chlorination per se is not a simple deselenization operation, but rather a process wherein virtually all the constituents of slimes which form soluble chlorides report as a complex solution of mixed chlorides. Thus the use of wet chlorination requires a complete change in the process to recover the metal values in slimes. The first plant to use wet chlorination of slimes was started by Kennecott (Salt Lake City, Utah) in 1995. 

The first synthetic organic pigments were used to shade or tone the weaker colorants and became known as toners. Metal toners usually contain one sulfonic acid group and often a carboxyUc acid group. The pigment is rendered iasoluble, ie, laked Ai a heavy metal cation. An example of a calcium salt is Lithol Rubine BK [5858-81-1] Vhl) (Cl Pigment Red 57 Cl 15850). 

Ex situ or off-site, regeneration of base metal catalysts is a service offered by several vendors worldwide, including Catalyst Recovery, Inc., of Lafayette, Louisiana, and Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada Catalyst Recovery, Europe of Rodange, Luxembourg Nippon CRI of Miyako, Japan Englehard (formerly Edtrol) of Salt Lake City, Utah Eurecat, U.S., of Pasadena, Texas and Eurecat, SA of La Voulte, Erance (22—28). 

Lake Red C is an example of a pigment that has been made insoluble by a heavy metal. In this case the metal is barium one barium ion precipitates two molecules. Other metals used are calcium, strontium, manganese, and aluminum. This pigment is used in polystyrene. 

Color Additives. The FDA has created a unique classification and strict limitations on color additives (see also CoLORANTS FOR FOOD, DRUGS, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Certified color additives are synthetic organic dyes that ate described in an approved color additive petition. Each manufactured lot of a certified dye must be analyzed and certified by the EDA prior to usage. Color lakes are pigments (qv) that consist of an insoluble metallic salt of a certified color additive deposited on an inert substrate. Lakes are subject to the color additive regulations of the EDA and must be certified by EDA prior to use. Noncertifted color additives requite an approved color additive petition, but individual batches need not be EDA certified prior to use. 

The terms FD C, D C, and External D C (Ext. D C), which are part of the name of colorants, reflect the FDA s colorant certification. FD C dyes may be used for foods, dmgs, and cosmetics D C dyes are allowed in dmgs and cosmetics and Ext. D C dyes are permitted only in topical products. Straight colorants include both the organic dyes and corresponding lakes, made by extending the colorant on a substrate such as aluminum hydroxide or barium sulfate. The pure dye content of these lakes varies from 2 to 80% the organic dyes contain over 80% pure dye. Colorants certified for cosmetic use may not contain more than 0.002% of lead, not more than 0.0002% of arsenic, and not more than 0.003% of heavy metals other than lead and arsenic. 

Although logwood had been known for several hundred years, it did not achieve technical importance until it was discovered that it combined with metallic salts to give various colored lakes, of which the chrome lake was the most important (81). After an enormous amount of research, the present formulas for the dye components were proposed (82) and later substantiated (83). 

COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OCCURRING IN RIVERS AND LAKES. ADSORPTION SELECTIVITY OF MONOSACCHARIDES ONTO HYDROUS METAL OXIDES... 

The destiny of most biological material produced in lakes is the permanent sediment. The question is how often its components can be re-used in new biomass formation before it becomes eventually buried in the deep sediments. Interestingly, much of the flux of phosphorus is held in iron(lll) hydroxide matrices and its re-use depends upon reduction of the metal to the iron(ll) form. The released phosphate is indeed biologically available to the organisms which make contact with it, so the significance attributed to solution events is understandable. It is not clear, however, just how well this phosphorus is used, for it generally remains isolated from the production sites in surface waters. Moreover, subsequent oxidation of the iron causes re-precipitation of the iron(lll) hydroxide floes, simultaneously scavenging much of the free phosphate. Curiously, deep lakes show almost no tendency to recycle phosphorus, whereas shallow... 

A receptor is something which is adversely affected by polluted air. A receptor may be a person or animal that breathes the air and whose health may be adversely affected thereby, or whose eyes may be irritated or whose skin made dirty. It may be a tree or plant that dies, or the growth yield or appearance of which is adversely affected. It may be some material such as paper, leather, cloth, metal, stone, or paint that is affected. Some properties of the atmosphere itself, such as its ability to transmit radiant energy, may be affected. Aquatic life in lakes and some soils are adversely affected by acidification via acidic deposition. 

Mordant or chrome dyes metallic salt or lake formed directly on the fiber by the use of aluminum, chromium, or iron salts that cause precipitation in situ. 

Fig. 11. The Bruggeman model (BM) lakes into account the modification of the effective medium by the adjunction of metal in the medium. The net effect is a broadening of the resonance peak. The parameters of the metallic spheres in these calculations are fuHp = I eV and fiV = 0.1 eV. The insulating host is defined by ftcOp i = 1 eV and ftf = 1 eV and fidiy = 20 eV. Note that the normal Drude curve is superimposed with the Bruggeman curve with/= 1.

Sodium, 22 700 ppm (2.27%) is the seventh most abundant element in crustal rocks and the fifth most abundant metal, after Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Potassium (18 400 ppm) is the next most abundant element after sodium. Vast deposits of both Na and K salts occur in relatively pure form on all continents as a result of evaporation of ancient seas, and this process still continues today in the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Sodium occurs as rock-salt (NaCl) and as the carbonate (trona), nitrate (saltpetre), sulfate (mirabilite), borate (borax, kemite), etc. Potassium occurs principally as the simple chloride (sylvite), as the double chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (camallite) and the anhydrous sulfate K2Mg2(S04)3 (langbeinite). There are also unlimited supplies of NaCl in natural brines and oceanic waters ( 30kgm ). Thus, it has been calculated that rock-salt equivalent to the NaCl in the oceans of the world would occupy... 

In 1826 J. J. Berzelius found that acidification of solutions containing both molybdate and phosphate produced a yellow crystalline precipitate. This was the first example of a heteropolyanion and it actually contains the phos-phomolybdate ion, [PMoi204o] , which can be used in the quantitative estimation of phosphate. Since its discovery a host of other heteropolyanions have been prepared, mostly with molybdenum and tungsten but with more than 50 different heteroatoms, which include many non-metals and most transition metals — often in more than one oxidation state. Unless the heteroatom contributes to the colour, the heteropoly-molybdates and -tungstates are generally of varying shades of yellow. The free acids and the salts of small cations are extremely soluble in water but the salts of large cations such as Cs, Ba" and Pb" are usually insoluble. The solid salts are noticeably more stable thermally than are the salts of isopolyanions. Heteropoly compounds have been applied extensively as catalysts in the petrochemicals industry, as precipitants for numerous dyes with which they form lakes and, in the case of the Mo compounds, as flame retardants. 

Chrom-kali, n. (rotes) potassium dichromate (gelbes) potassium chromate, -karbid, n. chromium carbide, -lack, m. chrome lake, -leder, n. chrome leather, -leim, m. chrome gelatin chrome glue, -metall, n. chromium metal, -natron, n. (rotss) sodium dichromate (gelbes) sodium chromate, -nickel-stahl, m. chrome-nickel steel. 

Wiener, wienerisch, a. Vienna, Viennese. — Wiener Xtzpulver, Vienna paste, Vienna caustic. — Wiener Griin, Vienna green. — Wiener Kalk, Vienna hme, Vienna white. — Wiener Lack, Vienna lake. — Wiener Metall, Vienna metal (a white copper-antimony alloy). 

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