Terg-O-Tometer

Terg-O-Tometer Terg-o-tometer Terlinguaite [12394-37-5] Termamyl Terminal lakes Terminal sterilization Ternary polymer blends Terne metal... 

As with the case of energy input, detergency generally reaches a plateau after a certain wash time as would be expected from a kinetic analysis. In a practical system, each of its numerous components has a different rate constant, hence its rate behavior generally does not exhibit any simple pattern. Many attempts have been made to fit soil removal (50) rates in practical systems to the usual rate equations of physical chemistry. The rate of soil removal in the Launder-Ometer could be reasonably well described by the equation of a first-order chemical reaction, ie, the rate was proportional to the amount of removable soil remaining on the fabric (51,52). In a study of soil removal rates from artificially soiled fabrics in the Terg-O-Tometer, the percent soil removal increased linearly with the log of cumulative wash time. 

More objective laboratory methods employ a mechanical device such as a Terg-O-Tometer (110). Food soils are appHed to microscope sHdes or glass tape rather than to actual plates. The soils are tagged with fluorescent materials or with dark pigment to faciUtate measurement of residual soil. Reflectance or transmittance may also be read directly (111). 

Fig. 6. Washing performance on different soilings of a U.S. liquid detergent (B) and a U.S. powder detergent (H in a Terg-o-tometer operating at 20°C for 10 min one enzyme dosage. EMPA 117 (nulk, blood, and ink on polyester/cotton) EMPA 116 (milk, blood, and ink on 100% cotton) grass on (100% cotton) AS 10 (milk, oil, and pigments on 100% cotton) blood soilings (on 100% cotton).

C in a Terg-o-Tometer. They tested commercial AOS, SAS, AS, and LAS detergents in two formulations one contains surfactant (25%) and sodium sulfate (75%) and is called a light-duty dishwash formulation. The other one contains surfactant (25%), sodium tripolyphosphate (35%), sodium silicate (8%), carboxymethylcellulose (1%), and sodium sulfate (31%), and is called a heavy-duty dishwash liquid. The results in Table 26 show that the AOS-containing formulations have superior performance, followed by SAS, AS, and LAS. 

Figure 29. Cotton scouring efficiency of ethoxylates (test conditions apparatus— Terg-O-Tometer water temperature—80°C agitation speed—95 rpm scouring time—60 min rinse time—30 min surfactant concentration—0.2 wt % NaOH concentration—4.0 wt % liquor volume—1.0 L reflectance before scouring—...

Laboratory soil removal tests are usually conducted using specially designed equipment such as Terg-o-tometers, Launder-o-meter, and the like. These are small machines that simulate laundry washing processes. These test methods can only provide a directional trend and should not be overemphasized. Terg-o-tometer testing is widely used and consists of a series of 1-L stainless steel cylinders each equipped with a mechanical agitator. Artificially soiled test fabrics known as swatches are placed in the wash solution to wash under controlled conditions. A wide variety of... 

Cotton fabric as received was cut into rectangles approximately 4 cm X 5 cm, then dewaxed by Soxhlet extraction for 72 hr, first with toluene and then ethanol (3 A grade). Viscose rayon and nylon fabrics were washed in a 1.0% solution of Tergitol 15-S-9 for 30 min in a Terg-o-tometer and then thoroughly rinsed in distilled water. Samples 5 cm X 7 cm were then cut for use. 

Conclusions based on Terg-O-Tometer evaluations must be validated under real wash conditions, by comparing the stain-removal efficacy of the prototype to that of a standard composition Jn a wa jing machine. Introducing artificially soiled swatches in a ballast load enables one to quantitate the removal of specific stains. 

Rockwell and Rao show data comparing C12 SME and Cl3.6 SME to LAS and SLS via detergency testing [30]. hi the article they explain that these are commercial products and not pure SME samples. They do contain some sulfonated fatty acid as an active surfactant. The testing was accomplished in a Terg-O-Tometer with 1 L of wash liquor and the delta reflectance represents the difference in reflectance units of the L reading of the Lab scale via a Hunter Colorimeter. Rockwell demonstrated poorer performance of the C12 SME in... 

Ahmad and colleagues studied SMEs made from palm stearin and palm fatty-acid distillates [8]. They conducted Terg-O-Tometer studies of built laundry powders, with and without phosphate. Evaluations took place in water hardness conditions ranging from 50 ppm to 500 ppm as CaCOj and from water temperatures ranging from room temperature to 60°C. They concluded that there was no difference in performance between the SME made from palm stearin and palm fatty-acid distillate. The SMEs were equal to or better than LAS in the nonphosphate test formulation at all conditions. The SMEs were equal to or better than LAS in both test formulations, with or without phosphate, in soft water. 

The detergency of differing ratios of the Cl3.6 analogs of SME to sulfonated fatty acid were evaluated using a Terg-O-Tometer with cotton, 35/65... 

Terg-O-Tometer Detergency of C13.6 SME/SFA Dust-Sebum on Cotton... 

The same systems were evaluated for detergency at a concentration of 0.2 (w/w)% in the Terg-o-tometer. The test fabric was cotton uniformly stained with dust/sebum. The test was carried at a temperature of 40°C at pH 10 in soft water. Wash time was 15 min and rinse time was 5 min. The results are presented in Figure 10. Na LED3A can be seen to be more effective than LAS under the con-... 

A Terg-o-tometer study was carried out to determine the compatability of N-acyl ED3A chelating surfactants with Savinase, a protease enzyme [13]. Myristoyl and Oleoyl ED3 A were neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce 20 (w/w)% solutions and 10 g of the solutions were diluted to 1L with distilled deionized water. The surfactant solution was then decanted into four of the Terg-o-tometer cells and allowed to equilibrate to 25°C. One milliliter of protease enzyme solution (Savinase 16.0L type EX) was diluted to 100 mL with distilled deionized... 

Many ways exist to test the efficacy of prespotter products, hi the laboratory, one can choose to use a Terg-o-tometer [13], Laundrometer [14], or even a washing machine. All three are valid. The common machine found in most laboratories is the Terg-o-tometer. With this instrument simulating a miniwashing machine, multiple testing can be done at one time. 

If it is not feasible to test under more than one set of conditions, the following conditions which are found in Table 1 are recommended for use with a Terg-o-tometer ... 

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