Mentally retarded children

Millar JA, Cummings RLC, Battistini V, et al. 1970. Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase levels in mentally retarded children and in lead-poisoning in suckling rats. Lancet 2 695-698. 

At least 10 metabolites have been identified, and some may be active. One may account for hepatotoxicity (4-ene-valproic acid), and it is increased by concurrent dosing with enzyme-inducing drugs. At least 67 cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported, and most deaths were in mentally retarded children less than 2 years old who were receiving multiple drug therapy. 

Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale. The Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale contains 97 items and is similar to the Devereux Teacher Scale. It is used for emotionally disturbed and mentally retarded children aged 8 to 12 years. Besides being easy to use, this scale is well researched and discussed in the literature. It requires 10 to 20 minutes to complete by clinicians, child care workers, parents, or others and gives 17 scores. There is a Devereux Adolescent Behavior Rating Scale for children from ages 13 to 18. 

Justification for use of special/vulnerable participant populations as well as additional safeguards that will be used to protect these participants (i.e., the mentally retarded, children, prisoners, pregnant women, etc.)... 

O ur own use of prisoners, the institutionalized retarded, and the mentally ill to test malaria treatments during World War II was generally hailed as positive, making the war everyone s war. Likewise, in the late 1940 s and early 1950 s, the testing of new polio vaccines on institutionalized mentally retarded children was considered appropriate. Utilitarianism was the ethic of the day. ... 

L Joel Martin, a pediatrician at a residential facility for mentally retarded children, has been approached by the Modem Pharmaceutical Company. The company would like Dr. Martin to enroll children aged 4 to 7 in one of their clinical trials for a new drug to treat conjunctivitis (pinkeye). Dr. Martin recognizes that the children s parents would be able to give informed consent or refusal on behalf of their children, that risks have been minimized, and that overall, the study drug is likely to help the participants. He is concerned, however, about the drug companies decision to enroll retarded children before... 

Schain, R.J., and Freedman, D.X. (1961) Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children. J Pediatr 58 315-320. 

Handen, B.L., Feldman, H., Gosling, A., Breaux, A.M., and McAu-liffe, S. (1991) Adverse side effects of methylphenidate among mentally retarded children with ADHD. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30 241—245. 

Tolman, K.G., et al. Osteomalacia associated with anticonvul-sive drug therapy in mentally retarded children. Pediatrics, 1975 56 45-51... 

Behavioral disturbances, including aggressiveness, irritability, hyperactivity, and/or dysphoric changes, occur in up to 22% of patients. Children and patients with mental retardation or a history of similar disorders may be at special risk (SEDA-20, 61). In a recent study, hyperactivity, irritability, and agitation occurred in 15 of 32 mostly mentally retarded children, and required drug withdrawal in four (283). 

Gershoff et al. (G3) observed no significant differences, following the ingestion of 5 g DL-tryptophan, in N -methylnicotinamide and creatinine excretion, but xanthurenic acid was lower in mongoloids than in non-mongoloid mentally retarded children. 

L14. Lifshitz, F., and Maclaren, N. F., Vitamin D-dependent rickets in institutionalized, mentally retarded children receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy. I. A survey of 285 patients. J. Pediatr. 83, 612-620 (1973). 

Tolman, K. G., Jubiz, W., Sannella, J. J., Madsen, J. A., Belsey, R. E., Goldsmith, R. S., and Preston, J. W., Osteomalacia associated with anticonvulsant drug therapy in mentally retarded children. Pediatrics 56, 45-51 (1975). 

Surprisingly, the commission found that such research was not otherwise unique. Other reprehensible research discovered was that directed to nutrition. Institutionalized, mentally retarded children, abandoned by their parents, were used. They were offered a chance for a trip to the beach and the chance to join in a science club.There was also investigation about something affecting a broader section of the population—the intentional release of radiation into the environment (the purpose was to run tests to try and understand the consequences of what the Russians were believed to be producing). Yet these releases were not only being conducted secretly, they were kept secret for four to five decades. 

Bicknell J Selective pica and lead poisoning in a severely subnormal child. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 11 278-281,1967 Bicknell J, Clayton BE, Delves HT Lead in mentally retarded children. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 12 282-293,1968... 

Mendelsohn AL, Dreyer BP, Fierman AH, et al Low-level lead exposure and cognitive development in early childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr 20 425-431, 1999 Milar CR, Schroeder SR, Mushak P, et al Failure to find hyperactivity in preschool children with moderately elevated lead burden. J Pediatr Psychol 6 85-95,1981 Millar JA, Battistini V, Cumming RL, et al Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase levels in mentally retarded children and in lead-poisoned suckling rats. Lancet 2 695-698, 1970... 

Moore MR, Meredith PA, Goldberg A A retrospective analysis of blood-lead in mentally retarded children. Lancet 1 717-719, 1977 Munoz H, Romieu I, Palazuelos E, et al Blood lead level and neuro behavioral development among children living in Mexico City. Arch Environ Health 48 132-139, 1993... 

Youroukos S, Lyberatos C, Philippidou A, et al Increased blood lead levels in mentally retarded children in Greece. Arch Environ Health 33 297-300, 1978 Yule W, Lansdown R, Millar IB, et al The relationship between blood lead concentrations, intelligence and attainment in a school population a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol 23 567-576, 1981... 

Each year in America, the national consumption of alcohol by women of child-bearing age adds approximately 100,000 more mentally retarded children to the population. How many more children not diagnosed as mentally retarded are affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol We know only that this exposure is related to atypical brain development, neuropsychological deficits, academic difficulties, emotional dysfunction, and social dysfunction.39 Is this constellation of problems acceptable collateral damage of the alcoholic beverages industry ... 

Eeg-Olofsson 0, Experiences with Rivotril in treatment of epilepsy—particularly minor motor epilepsy—in mentally retarded children, Acta Neurol Scand (1973) 49 (Suppl 53), 29-31. 

Maclaren N, Lifshitz F. Vitamin D-dependency rickets in institutionalized, mentally retarded children on long term anticonvulsant therapy. II. The response to 25-hydro> cholecalciferol and to vitamin D2. PecSatrRes( 973) 7, 914-22. 

The earliest of these was that of Moncrieff et al. (1964) which is noteworthy for taking 36/tg Pb/lOOml blood as the upper limit of normal. This level has only become accepted in recent years, having been regarded as too low by earlier authors (e.g. Chisholm, 1965). Moncrieff found raised blood levels in 55% of 122 mentally retarded children but believed that the high lead levels were secondary, inasmuch as retarded children may have marked pica, and are more likely to ingest more lead than normal children. This extra lead ingestion might of course produce further mental impairment (Moncrieff et al., 1967). 

In a recent report (David et al., 1982), blood lead concentrations were measured in children with mental retardation of unknown aetiology, and a negative correlation between lead levels and IQ was noted. As the mean lead level of mentally retarded children was 25/tg Pb/lOOml and the control group 19/tg Pb/lOOml, this correlation is not easy to interpret. The authors point out that the normal sampling method of individuals in blood lead... 

Harrell, R. F., Capp, R. H., Davis, D. R., Peerless, J., and Ravitz, L. R., 1981, Can nutritional supplements help mentally retarded children An exploratory study, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78 574. 

Marks GS (1985) Exposure to toxic agents the heme biosynthetic pathway and hemoproteins as indicator. Crit Rev Toxicol 15 151-179 Martinez G, Cebrian M, Chamorro G, Jauge P (1983) Urinary uroporphyrin as an indicator of arsenic exposure in rats. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 26 171 Mayo Medical Laboratories Interpretive Handbood (1990) Mayo Medical Laboratories, Rochester, MN, pp 149-152 Meredith PA, Moore MR, Goldberg A (1974) The effects of aluminum, lead and zinc on ( -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Biochem Soc Trans 2 1243-1245 Millar JA, Gumming RL, Battistini V, Cabswell F, Goldberg A (1970) Lead and S-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase levels in mentally retarded children and in lead-poisoned suckling rats. Lancet ii 695-698... 

The results obtained using the screening techniques in mentally retarded children prompted us to try to study some inborn errors in animal models . Experimental phenylketonuria, for example, can be simulated by overloading with phenylalanine or by inhibiting the phenylalanine hydroxylase with /7-chlorophenylalanine. We have used both /w hloro-phenylalanine and esculin (to block the dihydropteridine reductase reaction), a treatment which leads to a complete inhibition of the enzyme< > > (Fig. 2). 

It is necessary to go deeper into perinatal biochemistry and, urgently, in the study of the moment of birth. As I mentioned above, more than 50% of the cases of mentally retarded children could be prevented and this represents a dramatic incentive for a more thorough investigation. 

Table 1 IPPV and TIPPV in LTV Patients Hospitalized in Specialized Units for NMD or Other Progressive Neuromuscular Conditions Including ALS, or Mentally Retarded Children in the National Hospital Organization...

MoorC M.R., Meredith PA. and Goldberg A. (1977) A retrospective analysis of blood-lead in mentally retarded children Lancet I 717-719. 

Based on traditional nse in India claiming the herb improves inteUigence, varions stndies (both animal and human) have suggested the herb to be beneficial in improving memory, adaptogenic in fatigue and stress, tranquiliz-ing in rats (alcoholic extract), to increase general mental ability, behavioral patterns, and to increase I.Q. in mentally retarded children. A two-compartment passive avoidance task test (with rats) showed an improvement in... 

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