Measured Results

Fig. 4. Measurement results of a pin of dimensions 46/15,5 as a function of tensile and compressive stress using the Wirotest .

In Fig, 4. measurement results of a pin of dimensions 46/15,5 have been shown as a function of tensile and compressive stress using the Wirotest , where the course of the graph of these dependence on the load in the linear scope of indications is similar to the compressive as well as the tensile stress. 

For interpretation of measuring results, calibration characteristics obtained on the samples in advance is used in the above instruments. However, if number of impediment factors increases, the interpretation of the signals detected becomes more complicated in many times. This fact causes the position that the object thickness T and crack length I are not taken into consideration in the above-mentioned instruments. It is considered that measuring error in this case is not significant. 

The system is driven by a software/working under window and rurming on personal computer. The system is based on using dialogue boxes which enable the user-software communication. The as-built system leads the operator step by step in its verification operations by indicating him the operations to perform. The system records the measurements results and stores them in the memory. 

Taylor, B. N. Kuyatt, G. E. Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994. 

Samples were prepared by using a vacuum manifold to fill the gas cell. After measuring the total pressure, the absorbance of the sample at 2170 cm- was measured. Results are reported as %CO (Pco/ftot)- Five exhaust samples were obtained from a 1973 coupe, yielding the following results... 

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

Time-Delay Compensation Time delays are a common occurrence in the process industries because of the presence of recycle loops, fluid-flow distance lags, and dead time in composition measurements resulting from use of chromatographic analysis. The presence of a time delay in a process severely hmits the performance of a conventional PID control system, reducing the stability margin of the closed-loop control system. Consequently, the controller gain must be reduced below that which could be used for a process without delay. Thus, the response of the closed-loop system will be sluggish compared to that of the system with no time delay. 

The measurements do not close the constraints. Estimation of the parameter values against the actual measurements results in parameter values that are not unique. 

Equation (3-42) is not valid for conducting systems consisting of several conducting phases (e.g., steel pipeline in soil). Figure 3-15 shows an example for the measured results (3). 

Cathodic protection of uncoated objects in the soil is technically possible however, the high current requirement, as well as measures for the necessary uniform current distribution and for //f-free potential measurement, result in high costs. In determining the costs of cathodic protection of pipelines, it has to be remembered that costs will increase with increases in the following factors ... 

Yagi and Wakao (1959) used mass transfer measurement results to estimate the heat transfer coefficient at the tube wall. Material was coated on the inner surface of the packed tubes and the dissolution rate was measured. 

In Chapter 1, Figure 1.4.1 (Berty et al, 1969) shows the actual measurement results of the older 5 diameter recycle reactor performance, using two different types of equipment. 

Actual measurement results are shown in Figure 3.4.3 Here a ROTOBERTY reactor was used with a two-stage blower pumping air at room conditions over three catalyst beds with 5, 10, and 15 cm of catalyst volume. Pressure generated was measured by a water U-tube... 

Figure 3.4.3 shows that the measured results fit the quadratic equation well for pressure generated. It also shows that the pressure generated is independent of flow since three different quantities of catalyst were used. Since the pressure drop remained constant, then flow must have been different over the three quantities of catalysts. The flow adjusted itself to match the constant pressure generated by the blower. 

Notice on tliis graph that the 25°C experiments were informative, and results were in the measurable range. At 135°C some intermediate, semi-quantitative results could be seen. At 285°C no detectable adsorption could be seen. Taking the high adsorption result at 25°C as 22.4 mL/kg, this converts to 0.001 mole/kg. Compare this with the 0.22 mole/kg needed for measurable result in the CSTR case in the previous section. 

Earlier experiments indicate clearly that a lowered sound pressure level can be an effective measure to reduce the inconvenience reactions due to a ventilation noise, provided that it is targeted at the most critical frequency range from the point of view of influence or that the measure results in a general lowering over the entire spectral range of the ventilation noise. 

Measured results of effectiveness and turbulent mixing are presented In literature by Bach (several air distribution methods) and Hagstrom et al. (mixing air distribution methods in zoning strategy).A typical example of an air distribution method and device in the zoning strategy is the so-called active displacement method, which is based on a nozzle duct device. ... 

Figure 8.53 gives measured values of the radiant temperature, which means Ty - T, caused by an electrical heating panel. The effective surface temperature of the panel can be estimated from the curves, then used to calculate the temperature of a thermometer bulb at a few other places. These results can be compared to measured results. 

We see that the agreement between measured and calculated temperatures is fairly good. Only in the right corner near the heating panel is there a big difference between the measured and calculated temperature. However, the measured results cannot be reliable here either, because it is not possible that the radiant temperature is 80 just near a surface ol 467 C. 

The theory of losses is very complex. The effect of mixing on the total pressure has been investigated. The calculated results qualitatively match the measured results. Friction in impeller channel and casing decreases the total pressure. 

In practice, the fan characteristic curve—i.e., the total pressure difference dependency on the volume flow—is determined experimentally. The measured results are then for the impeller and casing together. Since the losses are greater outside the design point, the fan efficiency is high at the design point. 

Systematic error, as stated above, can be eliminated— not totally, but usually to a sufficient degree. This elimination process is called calibration. Calibration is simply a procedure where the result of measurement recorded by an instrument is compared with the measurement result of a standard. A standard is a measuring device intended to define, to represent physically, to conserve, or to reproduce the unit of measurement in order to transmit it to other measuring instruments by comparison. There are several categories of standards, but, simplifying a little, a standard is an instrument with a very high accuracy and can for that reason be... 

Due to its nature, random error cannot be eliminated by calibration. Hence, the only way to deal with it is to assess its probable value and present this measurement inaccuracy with the measurement result. This requires a basic statistical manipulation of the normal distribution, as the random error is normally close to the normal distribution. Figure 12.10 shows a frequency histogram of a repeated measurement and the normal distribution f(x) based on the sample mean and variance. The total area under the curve represents the probability of all possible measured results and thus has the value of unity. 

Since the confidence limits of a repeated measurement are based on the dispersion of the measurement result, they usually are presented as symmetrical limits ... 

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