Results Obtained from the Measurements

The experimental results obtained from the measurement of surface area remaining after each lathe cut can be plotted as cumulative surface area against radius. If iS/ is the surface area per cm. of radial distance at radius r, the cumulative surface area is given by... 

Also the so called degree of dissociation, determined from the colligative properties, does not agree with the result obtained from the measurement of the electrical conductance. Finally the law of chemical equilibrium, applicable to the dissociation of weak electrolytes, cannot be applied to the strong ones. 

Results Obtained from the Measurements on Hydrogen, May-June, 1917... 

Quantum theory predicts and experiments confirm that when measurements are made on two particles that once interacted but now are separated by an unlimited distance the results obtained in the measurement on one particle depend on the results obtained from the measurement on the second particle and depend on which property of the second particle is measured. Such instantaneous spooky actions at a distance (Einstein s phrase) have led one physicist to remark that quantum mechanics is magic (D. Greenberger, quoted in N. D. Mermin, Physics Today, April 1985, p. 38). 

In the following, quantitative results obtained from the measured XPS intensities (areas of the peaks) are presented for two independent samples. 

The results obtained from the measurement of the observed angle of rotation, ttobs/ are generally expressed in terms of specific rotation [a].The sign and magnitude of [a] are dependent on the specific molecule and are determined by complex features of molecular structure and conformation they cannot be easily explained or predicted. The specific rotation is a physical constant characteristic of a substance. The relationship of [a] to aobs is as follows ... 

Tensile strength was determined according to ISO-37 with a xmiversal machine Zwick 1435. This testing machine was also used to test the hysteresis and relaxations properties of vulcanizates. Based on the results obtained from the measurement of the hysteresis, Mullins effect was also calculated. 

For example, proper accoimting of electronic excitation influences the thermal characteristic result obtained from the measurement of low-temperature heat capacity in a temperature range from dose to 0 K up to 350 K. Although these studies were largely direded at the determination of the heat capacity C° 298) and entropy S°(298) values at standard temperature (298.15 K), they were also concerned with proving the existence of contributions to the heat capacity (as well as, entropy) of lanthanide compounds induced by exdtation of electronic states. Significant and distinctive changes in C (298) and S°(298) values were foimd for most lanthanide compounds. That is, the existence of the so-called Schottky anomaly in thermal parameters was established. 

Recently the kinetics of the hydrolysis of 4-(2-methylpropenyl)morpho-line, l-(2-methylpropenyl)piperidine, and l-(2-methylpropenyl)pyrrolidine have been investigated 14,15). Results, obtained from rate measurements of 4-(2-methylpropenyl)morpholine (1) in dilute phosphate buffers are shown in Fig. 1 (page 104). 

JThis calculation is one of the most satisfying in science. The values of the thermodynamic properties of the ideal gas calculated from molecular parameters are usually more accurate than the same thermodynamic results obtained from experimental measurements. 

The first option is unworkable, though, because this other technology is unlikely to have ( 4) the same cut-off characteristics around 564 /xm, or (B) measure the same characteristics (e.g., volume instead of length). The third options falls out of favor for the simple reason that such a model is not available, and if it were, errors of extrapolation would be propagated into any result obtained from the statistical analysis. 

In humid environments, the ellipsometry results of Beaglehole and Christenson [71] indicate that a film is formed with an average thickness of 2 A when the relative humidity (RH) is 50%. As discussed earlier, however, the lateral resolution of ellipsometry is limited by the size of the light spot on the sample, typically several tens of micrometers. In addition, thickness values are obtained from the measured changes in polarization angle by... 

Figure 23. Measured ( °Th/ Th) ratios in basalts from Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion Island) as a function of their eraption ages deduced from mineral isochrons. These ratios decrease with increasing emption ages as a result of post-eraptive radioactive decay. The curve shows the theoretical evolution by radioactive decay for a rock with a Th/U ratio of 3.95 and a ( °Th/ Th) ratio of 0.93, similar to the values measured in presently erapted lavas. An approximate age can thus be obtained from the measured ( °Th/ Th) ratio of an old sample. Part of the dispersion around the theoretical curve are due to small source heterogeneities (slightly variable ( °Th/ rh) and Th/U ratios), also evidenced by Sr/ Sr ratios (Condomines et al. 1988, and unpublished results).

The accuracy of an analytical method is given by the extent by which the value obtained deviates from the true value. One estimation of the accuracy of a method entails analyzing a sample with known concentration and then comparing the results between the measured and the true value. The second approach is to compare test results obtained from the new method to the results obtained from an existing method known to be accurate. Other approaches are based on determinations of the per cent recovery of known analyte spiked into blank matrices or products (i.e., the standard addition method). For samples spiked into blank matrices, it is recommended to prepare the sample at five different concentration levels, ranging over 80-120%, or 75-125%, of the target concentration. These preparations used for accuracy studies usually called synthetic mixtures or laboratory-made preparations . 

In table 1 the results for the bare nucleus S(E)-factor at E=0 are reported together with the results obtained from the direct measurements. The agreement between the two data-sets is good for each case and only for the 11 B(p,a)8Be a discrepancy between THM and direct data, not yet fully understood, shows up. 

As we have indicated in the previous sections, there is little information on sediment transport in the River Ebro, and most of it is concentrated in the lower reaches of the catchment, downstream the reservoir complex of Mequinenza-Riba-roja-Flix (Fig. 1). We present here a summary of the results obtained from direct measurements on suspended and bedload obtained by the UdL group during the period 2002-2004 upstream (i.e. SMS) and downstream (i.e. MEMS) the reservoir complex, together with the data collected downstream from the dams during the period 2005-2008 (in the later case referred only to suspended sediment). A hydrological context is provided for each of the sediment transport data sets. 

A soil sample was taken from a field, transported back to the laboratory by road and stored for three weeks prior to analysis. The analytical procedure consisted of drying the soil in an oven at 100°C for 24 h before the analyte was extracted using 200 cm3 of dichloromethane. This extract was reduced in volume to 200 xl and a 20 xl aliquot then analysed by HPLC. A calibration was set up by measuring the response from a number of solutions containing known concentrations of the analyte. The result obtained from the unknown , after suitable mathematical manipulation, indicated the original soil sample contained 20 0.05 mg kg-1 of the analyte. Comment on the accuracy of this result. 

Example The results obtained from the determination of concentration of the standard solutions and measurements of corresponding peak areas with a GC are recorded in Table 3.1 and plotted in Figure 3.3 where the former is represented along the x-axis and the latter along the y-axis. How to draw the best straight line through all these points ... 

The preceding section summarized basicity results obtained from the stability constants of 7r-complexes and EDA-complexes. These results can only reflect a qualitative gradation of the basicity. If one moves from these complexes to u-complexes, then exact values for the basicity of unsaturated compounds can be obtained by measuring the formation equilibria of the proton addition complexes in strongly acid solutions. The experimental methods and the calculations have been described in Sections III, A-C. 

---