Quantitative measurements results

The TLC scanner was developed principally as a highly effective analytical tool to provide quantitative measurement results. However, its field of use will most likely increase. 

Ebel [151] states that it is essential to validate automatic sample application systems if quantitative measurement results are to be obtained with their aid. Although the samples are applied before the measurement, validation of the application system presupposes a validated scaimer (hen/egg problem ). 

But, with the use of digitization, 2D quantitative measurements are allowed for industrial radiography. These can be done by powerful tools, like estimation of defect extension, automatic segmentation, recognition of individual defects and image analysis (figure 7). For validation, results can be compared with destractive examination of metallic objects. 

I liis simulation provides the quantitative measures required for evaluation of the extent of deviation from a perfect viscometric flow. Specifically, the finite element model results can be used to calculate the torque corresponding to a given set of experimentally determined material parameters as... 

This section includes veterinary applications. The antiviral, bactericidal, and antimicrobial applications of 2-aminothiazoles and 2-imino-4-thiazolines are summarized in Table VI-7. They show a marked anti-trichonomicidal activity, which has even been quantitatively measured by the Hansch approach (797). The antiparasitic action of these compounds has been investigated for some compounds and is summarized in Table VI-8 interesting results were obtained with aminotrozal (1348). 

The iodine number of fats and oils provides a quantitative measurement of the degree of unsaturation. A solution containing a 100% excess of IGl is added to the sample, reacting across the double-bonded sites of unsaturation. The excess IGl is converted to I2 by adding KI. The resulting I2 is reacted with a known excess of Na2S203. To complete the analysis the excess 8203 is back titrated with coulometrically generated I2. 

Quantitative Calculations Quantitative analyses are often easier to conduct with HPLC than GC because injections are made with a fixed-volume injection loop instead of a syringe. As a result, variations in the amount of injected sample are minimized, and quantitative measurements can be made using external standards and a normal calibration curve. 

Complete basic hydrolysis, followed by the quantitative measurement of hydrogen formed, can be used to determine the number of Si—H and Si—Si bonds present in a particular compound. One molecule of H2 is Hberated for each Si—H and Si—Si bond present. The total siUcon content can be obtained from analysis of the resulting siUcate solution. 

Notice on tliis graph that the 25°C experiments were informative, and results were in the measurable range. At 135°C some intermediate, semi-quantitative results could be seen. At 285°C no detectable adsorption could be seen. Taking the high adsorption result at 25°C as 22.4 mL/kg, this converts to 0.001 mole/kg. Compare this with the 0.22 mole/kg needed for measurable result in the CSTR case in the previous section. 

Because X-ray counting rates are relatively low, it typically requires 100 seconds or more to accumulate adequate counting statistics for a quantitative analysis. As a result, the usual strategy in applying electron probe microanalysis is to make quantitative measurements at a limited collection of points. Specific analysis locations are selected with the aid of a rapid imaging technique, such as an SEM image prepared with backscattered electrons, which are sensitive to compositional variations, or with the associated optical microscope. 

Yet another strength of SNMS is the ability to measure elemental concentrations accurately at interfaces, as illustrated in Figure 8, which shows the results of the measurement of N and O in a Ti thin film on Si. A substantial oxide film has formed on the exposed Ti surface. The interior of the Ti film is free of N and O, but significant amounts of both are observed at the Ti/Si interface. SNMS is as sensitive to O as to N, and both the O and N contents are quantitatively measured in all regions of the structure, including the interface regions. Quantitation at the interface transition between two matrix types is difficult for SIMS due to the matrix dependence of ion yields. 

Hazard, risk, failure, and reliability are interrelated concepts concerned witli uncertain events and tlierefore amenable to quantitative measurement via probability. "Hazard" is defined as a potentially dangerous event. For example, tlie release of toxic fumes, a power outage, or pump failure. Actualization of the potential danger represented by a hazard results in undesirable consequences associated with risk. 

Each of the listed plant activities can be assessed for each of the chosen criteria and a star rating determined for each assessment. An experienced engineer will find that a qualitative assessment is sufficient, but quantitative measurements can be used if necessary. The results of this exercise are shown in Figure 7.4. 

Actifed is a medicinal preparation in which the effective components are the two drugs pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride. The absorption spectrum of Actifed tablets dissolved in 0.1M hydrochloric acid is similar to that shown in Fig. 17.14(a) which is clearly of no value for quantitative determinations. A second derivative spectrum however is similar in character to that shown in Fig. 17.14(6) in which peak C corresponds to the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and D to the triprolidine hydrochloride and from which it is possible to make quantitative measurements. Experience showed that it is advisable to use different response times for the two peaks with the instrument used a response setting of 3 was found to give the best results for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, whilst a setting of 4 was best for the triprolidine hydrochloride. 

Some of the brisant primers emit pressure pulses of sufficient magnitude to give measurable results in either the sand test or the Pb-disc test. Although many of these quantities are related to some aspects of primer performance, insofar as output is concerned, no general quantitative relationship of overall value has been-developed which can be used as a means of acceptance... 

The peak-shaped response of differential-pulse measurements results in unproved resolution between two species with similar redox potentials, hi various situations, peaks separated by 50 mV may be measured. Such quantitation depends not only upon the corresponding peak potentials but also on the widths of the peak. The width of the peak (at half-height) is related to the electron stoichiometry ... 

It is seen that the result obtained is sensitive to both the molecular symmetry and the strength of collision y, which is a quantitative measure of the degree of correlation. However, the latter affects only correction to the Hubbard relation which appears in the second order in (t))2 linear dependence of product on (L/)2 for any y, but the slope of the lines differs by a factor of two, being minimal for y=l and maximal for y=0. In principle, it is possible to calculate corrections of the higher orders in (t))2 and introduce them into (2.91). In practice, however, this does not extend the application range of the results due to a poor convergence of the perturbation theory series. 

All experimental sciences rely on quantitative measurements of properties. Every measurement gives a numerical result that has three aspects a numerical magnitude an indicator of scale, called a unit and a precision. Each aspect is essential, and all three must be reported to make a measurement scientifically valuable. 

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