Maternal tobacco smoking

Grant, S. G. (2005). Qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects of active and passive maternal tobacco smoke exposure on in utero mutagenesis at the HPRT locus. BMC Pediatrics, 001 10.1186/ 1471-2431-5-20. 

The most common consequence of maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy is fetal hypoxia. But the metabolites of tobacco smoke also have an impact on fetal development.32 In general, the consequences of maternal tobacco smoking include... 

Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs auditory and visual attention, and this impairment is gender specific. When smoker or nonsmoker adolescents with or without prenatal exposure to maternal smoking were tested for auditory and visual-selective and divided attention, females exposed to tobacco smoke during adolescence or prenatal development showed reduced performance accuracy. Among males, marked deficits were observed in auditory attention (Jacobsen et al. 2007). 

Beyond the genetic factors, the causes of ADHD are unknown and very few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD and exposures to environmental chemicals. It is known, however, that maternal prenatal exposures to lead, alcohol, tobacco smoke, and marijuana are known to result in the birth of children with high incidences of ADHDJ14-17 ft has also been established that exposure to excessive quantities of phenylalanine either prenatally in utero, as a result of the mother having phenylketonuria (PKU) and fetus not having PKU, or postnatally where the child has PKU, results in the development of ADHD hyperactive and behavioral... 

It has already been noted that maternal tobacco and marijuana smoking are causative agents for ADHD symptomology. 1617 Tobacco and marijuana smoke are very complex chemical mixtures containing more than 4000 different chemicals. The ADHD causative agents in these are unknown. Xenobiotic chemicals contained in foods, however, are fewer in number, more easily identified, and have been tested as agents that induce the symptoms of ADHD. 

Sperm counts in men have declined by about 50% during the time period 1940-90, from an average of 113 million per milliliter of semen in 1940 to an average of 66 million in 1990. During the same time frame there has been a decrease in seminal volume from 3.40 to 2.75 ml. 51 The reasons for the observed decline in semen quality are exposures to pesticide mixtures 52 and other xenobiotic endocrine disruptors, 53 maternal consumption of beef-containing anabolic steroids 54 and other xenobiotics, and tobacco smoking. 55 ... 

Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R, et al Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function. Thorax 2000 55 271-276. 

It is clear that environmental tobacco smoke exposure has a deleterious effect on asthma control with a 30% increase in frequency of symptoms in preschool children exposed to such pollution [123]. Furthermore, maternal smoking has a significant effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and severity of symptoms in children with asthma [124]. 

The factors are diverse, ranging from caffeine consumption during pregnancy to maternal age at conception. The environmental agents with potential adverse impacts on fetal development for which there is the strongest evidence are all culture-dependent tobacco smoke, alcohol (ethanol), cocaine, and combustion-engine carbon monoxide.4 In this book I focus only on factors for which there is evidence known to me. What the factors all have in common is that all have heavy cultural... 

Heavy tobacco smoking is especially dangerous for the fetus. Maternal smoking of more than 20 cigarettes a day is associated with maternal anemia, fetal brain hypoxia, and fetal polyglobulia (an abnormal increase in circulating red blood cells).35... 

Jauniaux, E. Burton, G. J. (2007). Morphological and biological effects of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the feto-placental unit. Early Hum. Dev. 83 699—706. 

No studies of humans have demonstrated inhibition of iodide transport into breast milk of mothers from thiocyanate in diet. In many countries the most important determinant of thiocyanate levels in blood is tobacco smoking, as discussed above, and smoking is associated with similar increases in thiocyanate in blood as may be found from diets with high cyanide content. We therefore investigated the effect of maternal smoking on iodine transfer to the breast-fed neonate. 

SSc 19-75/100,000 469/100,000 in Choctaw Native American Indians 20 cases/million 44 per year Not known Fetal—maternal microchimerism Xenobiotics tobacco smoke for clinical 4I> worsening Not known CMV, HBV, EBV and toxoplasmosis ... 

Very many chemicals are recognized teratogens in animals a significantly smaller subset of these is known or suspected to be developmental neurotoxicants in humans. Some of the more significant of the latter group include ethanol, which causes a constellation of effects ranging from fetal alcohol syndrome to alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder maternal smoking of tobacco (fetal tobacco syndrome) excess vitamins A and D heavy metals, particularly... 

Little is known about the cause of ADHD and no cure has been found for it. It has been shown that maternal ingestion of lead or ethanol as well as smoking or marijuana use are causative for ADHD. Both tobacco and marijuana smoke are complex mixtures of thousands of individual chemicals and the chemical (s) responsible for inducing ADHD have not been identified. It has also been shown that exposures to mixtures of artificial colors and flavors are synergistically neurotoxic. 

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for offspring ADHD.40 Some epidemiologists have argued that prenatal tobacco exposure accounts for 270,000 excess cases of the disorder.41... 

There is also abundant evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with later criminal arrests and psychiatric hospitalization of offspring.101 Some tobacco effects of... 

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