Fetal brain hypoxia

Heavy tobacco smoking is especially dangerous for the fetus. Maternal smoking of more than 20 cigarettes a day is associated with maternal anemia, fetal brain hypoxia, and fetal polyglobulia (an abnormal increase in circulating red blood cells).35... 

The expression of many of the genes identified to be related in some way to the appearance of adult schizophrenia is known to be changed by hypoxia. This suggests that hypoxia during fetal brain development may be somehow involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.36... 

Fetal guinea pig and newborn piglet model stndies have demonstrated that brain tissue hypoxia results in brain cell membrane damage as evidenced by increased membrane lipid peroxidation and decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Brain hypoxia was found to increase the NMDA receptor agonist-dependent Ca + in synaptosomes of hypoxic as compared to normoxic fetuses (Mishra and Delivoria-Papadopoulos, 1999). 

Pundik S, Robinson S, Lust WD, Zechel J, Buczek M, Selman WR. (2(X)6) Regional metabolic status of the E-18 rat fetal brain following transient hypoxia/ischemia. Metab Brain Dis. 21(4) 309-17. 

The cost of mass screening for PKU and some other related diseases makes it possible at present to do its determination in all countries where the mentally retarded citizens receive institutional and medical or social care from the State. In fact, from the economic point of view, it can be considered as good business . I have been told by pediatricians and gynecologists that it will be far more useful to avoid fetal brain damage produced by delivery trauma (hypoxia, forceps, etc.) by means of a better obstetric care than to spend money in such complicated methods for diagnosing infrequent diseases . About... 

Metabolic data from fetal brain studies indicate that moderate hypoxia or asphyxia can be adapted to by increases in cerebral blood flow and/or fractional oxygen extraction (15,111,135-138). Acutely, reductions in cerebral oxygen consumption are small eompared to the reduction in arterial oxygen content (34) however, during severe or prolonged asphyxia, reductions in cerebral oxygen consumption become apparent. 

Tabulating the occurrence and degree of fetal hypoxia in past births is usually done by examining hospital records and by interviews—indirect assessment at best. But most studies agree that MRI scans of the brains of adult schizophrenics show greater brain abnormalities for those patients who apparendy experienced fetal hypoxia during gestation, and that fetal hypoxia predicts early onset schizophrenia.35... 

Mishra, O. P., and Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., 1988, Anti-oxidant enzymes in the fetal guinea pig brain during development and the effect of maternal hypoxia, Dev. Brain Res. 42 173-179. 

As described above, the redistribution of fetal CVO during hypoxia serves to protect the function of essential fetal organs (the heart, brain, and adrenal glands). However, extra protection appears to be provided by the ability of some fetal tissues, at least in vitro, to actively reduce their metabolic rate in response to reduced oxygen dehveiy (8,9,121-123). 

Breen S, Rees S, Walker D. Identification of brainstem neurons responding to hypoxia in fetal and newborn sheep. Brain Res 1997 748 107-121. 

Adams MB, Simonetta G, McMillen IC. The non-neurogenic catecholamine response of the fetal adrenal to hypoxia is dependant on activation of voltage sensitive Ca " -channels. Dev Brain Res 1996 94 182-189. 

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