Maternal environment

Exposure, Intake, and Effects of Toxic and Essential Elements Assessment of steroid hormone disruption in placenta as indicator tissue for monitoring fetal and maternal environment. Biomonitoring of metals is included with evaluation of dietary metal intake (European Commission 2004). 

Other factors within the maternal environment may also result in conflicts with and significant disruptions of fetal development, among them ... 

OUTSIDE THE FETAL-MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION... 

The physiology and biochemistry of the human neuroendocrine system is complex, highly variable between individuals, and subject to impacts from the maternal environment. The evidence that the activity of the maternal HPA-axis influences the development of the fetal brain is clear and expected. The fetus does not develop in a bubble that isolates it from the mother the dynamics of maternal stress physiology, whether internally driven or driven by the outside world, must be a factor in the development of the fetal brain and nervous system. 

The fear that toxic agents in the maternal environment might harm the unborn child is an ancient one that was reinforced by the thalidomide tragedy. Although toxicology and teratology are far more advanced sciences now than 20 years ago, it is still not known what factors with an adverse effect... 

Fnjita M, Takabatake E. Mercnry levels in human maternal and neonatal blood, hair and milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 18 205-209 (1977). 

Cordoer S, Ha M-C, Ayme S, et al. 1992. Maternal occupational exposure and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 18 11-17. 

Hammerschmidt CR, Wiener JG, Frazier BE, Rada RG. 1999. Methylmercury content of eggs in yellow perch related to maternal exposure in four Wisconsin lakes. Environ Sci Technol 33 999-1003. 

Latif MA, Bodaly RA, Johnston TA, Fudge RJP. 2001. Effects of environmental and maternally derived methylmercury on the embryonic and larval stages of walleye (Stizoste-dion vitreum). Environ Pollut 111 139-148. 

Chasnoff et al. (1984) have reported on the developmental outcome of three groups of children, from birth until 2 years of age. The methadone, polydrug, and control groups demonstrated a downward trend in scores in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Their interpretation is that the infants environment and subsequent lack of stimulation has a more direct influence on long-term development than does maternal use of drugs during pregnancy. 

Hayden LJ, Goeden H, Roth SH. 1990a. Exposure to low levels of hydrogen sulfide elevates circulating glucose in maternal rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 31 45-52. 

Lauwerys R, Buchet J-P, Roels HA, et al. 1978. Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium, and carbon monoxide in women I. Comparison of the frequency distributions of the biological indices in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Environ Res 15 278-289. 

The human and environmental protection goals in EUSES are human populations (workers, consumers, and man exposed via the environment) and ecological systems (micro-organisms in sewage treatment systems, aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, sediment ecosystems, and predators). Repeated dose toxicity, fertility toxicity, maternal toxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenic risk, and lifetime cancer risk can be calculated for the cases that literature data is available. 

Barrett, B. and R. Howells. 1984. Legal control of standards lead in petrol. Sci. Total Environ. 33 1-13. Barrett, J. and PJ. Livesey. 1983. Lead induced alterations in maternal behavior and offspring development in the rat. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 5 557-563. 

Hayashi, M. 1983. Lead toxicity in the pregnant rat. I. The effect of high-level lead on d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in maternal and fetal blood or tissues. Environ. Res. 30 152-160. 

Nichols, J.W., K.M. Jensen, J.E. Tietge, and R.D. Johnson. 1998. Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for maternal transfer of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2422-2434. 

Maternal milk New Bedford Harbor and environs 1993 milk fat basis Total PCBs ... 

Hong, C.S., J. Xiao, A.C. Casey, B. Bush, E.F. Fitzgerald, and S.A. Hwang. 1994. Mono-ortho- and non-o/t/fo-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from Mohawk and control women effects of maternal factors and previous lactation. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 431-437. 

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