Maternal milk

The penicillins in general, ate renowned for their lack of toxicity. The most common adverse effect of the use of penicillins is an allergic reaction which can change from a mild rash to fatal anaphylactic shock in rate cases. AH penicillins cross the placenta and ate excreted in maternal milk. However, the relative freedom from toxicity tenders these compounds valuable agents during pregnancy and lactation. 

Neurobehavioral effects, measured in various discrimination reversal and operant learning tests, were observed in lead exposed rats. PbB levels in rats as low as 15-20 pg/dL were associated with slower learning and higher rates of inappropriate responses (Cory-Slechta et al. 1985 Jadhav and Areola 1997). Neurobehavioral alterations were also reported in young rats that had been exposed to lead via maternal milk, but that at the time of testing had PbB levels below the detection limit (Cory-Slechta et al. 1992). 

Zinc Rat Lead transfer in utero and in milk during lactation Low-zinc diet of mother increases lead transfer in utero and in maternal milk Cerklewski 1979... 

Intramuscular injection of 1.0 mg Pb/kg BW daily during pregnancy or lactation Fetus exposed to lead via placenta or maternal milk 19... 

In humans, total PCB concentrations in maternal milk were elevated (>1.1 mg/kg milk fat) in 4 of 122 cases in the New Bedford Harbor vicinity, Massachusetts (Korrick and Altshul 1998). At least one female was occupationally exposed, as judged by the congener profile and history. PCB exposures from fish consumption were likely, but not from residence adjacent to a PCB-contami-nated site. In all four cases, their newborns were full-term and healthy (Korrick and Altshul 1998). 

Maternal milk New York State, 1988-90 maximum values ... 

Maternal milk New Bedford Harbor and environs 1993 milk fat basis Total PCBs ... 

Delaunay-El AUam, M., Marlier, L., and Schaal, B. (2006). Learning at the breast preference formation for an artificial scent and its attraction against the odor of maternal milk. Infant Behav. Dev. 29, 308-321. 

AI-Omar MA, Abdul-Jalil FH, Al-Ogaily NH, et al. 1986. A follow-up study of maternal milk contamination with organochlorine insecticide residues. Environ Pollut 42 79-91. 

Developmental Toxicity. No studies were found regarding developmental toxicity of 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine in humans. Animal studies have shown that 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine and/or metabolites may be transferred across the placenta and or through maternal milk to the offspring and may affect the growth of the kidneys after parenteral exposure during pregnancy (Golub 1972 Shabad et al. 1972) or induce... 

A median half-life of 7.1 years for excretion in humans was estimated for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in a group of 36 Vietnam veterans." Further studies have indicated that the half-life may be closer to 8.7 years." CDDs are lipophilic compounds that can concentrate in maternal milk. An analysis of 526 individual milk samples from a German population indicated a mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD level of 3.2 ng/kg milk fat. ... 

AlO. Arias, I. M., Gartner, L. M., Seifter, S., and Furman, M., Prolonged neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast feeding and a steroid, pregnane-3a,20/3-diol, in maternal milk that inhibits glucuronide formation in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 43, 2037-2047 (1964). 

Jacobson JL, Fein GG, Jacobson SW, et al. 1984. The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polvbrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk. Am J Public Health 74(4) 378-379. 

Rats exposed to lead through the maternal milk on the first 25 postnatal days showed impaired passive avoidance acquisition at the age of 66-100 days (ref. 101). 

Since DEHP is a lipophilic substance, it has the potential to accumulate in maternal milk and be transferred to suckling offspring. Both DEHP (216 pg/mL) and MEHP (25 pg/mL) were detected in the milk collected from lactating Sprague-Dawley rats 6 hours after the last of three daily gavage doses of 2,000 mg DEHP/kg (Dostal et al. 1987b). At this time, no DEHP could be detected in dams plasma, but substantial amounts of MEHP were detected. Pups plasma had no detectable DEHP or MEHP. No other dose levels were tested in this study. Dostal et al. (1987b) noted that exposure to DEHP was associated with an increase in milk solids and lipids. Addition of 14C-DEHP to milk in vitro resulted in 94% of the... 

---