Materials, advanced aircraft applications

E. O. Dickerson and B. OiMartino, Off-Axis Strength and Testing of Filamentary Materials for Aircraft Application, in Advanced Fibrous Reinforced Composites, Vol. 10, Society of Aerospace Materials and Process Engineers, 1966, p. H-23. 

Primary business activities are based on the applications of structural composites as the business product. Secondary business activities serve the needs of the primary industries, often as suppliers of raw materials. A third level of business activity involves providing basic and specialized training for the use of structural composites in specific applications and markets. As an example, the primary industry might be an aircraft manufecturer or a construction engineering firm, the secondary industry could then be a cement suppher or a resin and reinforcement fiber manufacturer, and the tertiary industry could be an organization that provides training in the use of advanced composite materials for aircraft maintenance workers or in the use of concrete and paving blends. In a very real sense, the opportunity for an individual s success in this field is as limitless as the opportunities for new developments and applications of the materials. 

This paper should not end without giving some information on present and future applications of this anisotropic polymer carbon. In space technology, carbon fibre reinforced composites are the unique structural material. In aircraft industry all military planes make use of this revolutionary material. Fig. 26 shows the model of a future fighter which combines wings and stabilizers in one structural element. The whole structure consists of advanced composites. Only small parts, i.e. the engines are still made from metals. In today s commercial aircrafts only secondary and tertiary parts are made from CFRP, as shown in fig. 27. There is... 

Many of the innovations in textile applications in the past 50 years have started with military applications - from fibreglass structures for radomes, to fragment and bullet resistant body armour, to chemical agent protective clothing, to fibre-reinforced composites - indeed, many of our current defence systems and advanced aircraft would not be possible without these materials. So perhaps it is not surprising that the initial applications for smart textiles have also come either directly from military R D or from spin-offs. Some of... 

In recent year there have been an increasing number of applications requiring more efficient and lightweight thermal management such as communication satellites, high-density electronics, and advanced aircraft [1]. The development of polymer composites with nanoscaled modifiers has become an attractive new subject in materials science. The thermal conductivity of polymer composites is an important property for many applications [2-4]. 

Composites. High molecular weight PPS can be combiaed with long (0.6 cm to continuous) fiber to produce advanced composite materials (131). Such materials having PPS as the polymer matrix have been developed by usiag a variety of reinforcements, including glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers as mat, fabric, and unidirectional reinforcements. Thermoplastic composites based on PPS have found application ia the aircraft, aerospace, automotive, appliance, and recreation markets (see Composite materials, polymer-matrix). 

Applications. Epoxy resias constitute over 90% of the matrix resia material used ia advanced composites. In addition, epoxy resias are used ia all the various fabrication processes that convert resias and reinforcements iato composite articles. Liquid resias ia combiaation, mainly, with amines and anhydride are used for filament winding, resia transfer mol ding, and pultmsion. Parts for aircraft, rocket cases, pipes, rods, tennis rackets, ski poles, golf club shafts, and fishing poles are made by one of these processes with an epoxy resia system. 

Pyrolytic graphite was first produced in the late 1800s for lamp filaments. Today, it is produced in massive shapes, used for missile components, rocket nozzles, and aircraft brakes for advanced high performance aircraft. Pyrolytic graphite coated on surfaces or infiltrated into porous materials is also used in other applications, such as nuclear fuel particles, prosthetic devices, and high temperature thermal insulators. 

Advanced composites is a term that has come to describe materials that are used for the most demanding applications, such as aircraft, having properties considerably superior to those of conventional composites and much like metals. These materials are engineered from high-performance resins and fibers. The construction and orientation of the fibers are predetermined to meet specific design requirements. Advanced composite structures are usually manufactured in specific shapes. An advanced composite can be tailored so that the directional dependence of strength and stiffness matches that of the loading environment. 

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