Material-machine interaction

The previous sub-sections have involved material-machine interaction. In this section, the discussion will be expanded. The mill processability discussed in Chapter 2 [16] is the material-machine interaction, which was related to the behaviour of gum rubber. It is also directly related to the ease of mixing with carbon black. This conclusion is the same with internal mixers. It is most important to recognise the fact that the mixing result is determined by the ease of mixing in the beginning. In other words, the viscoelasticity of gum rubber has a decisive influence on the mixing result, which is a cumulative history of the viscoelastic events. 

With the progress of incorporation, viscoelasticity of carbon black-filled compormds must be considered. The well-dispersed compounds have been discussed in Chapter 7 and in [19]. Viscoelasticity of compounds during mixing must also be investigated. 

In order to relate the machine operation and the material behaviour, the deformational behaviour must be described. In Palmgren s review [8], this is represented by shear rate, Y, which is defined by the linear rotational velocity, vof the rotor tip and the narrowest gap h  

This description assumes the steady-state flow of inelastic fluid, which is not the behaviour of rubber as pointed out in Chapter 4 and [20]. 

In order to circumvent this difficulty, an energy-based approach is suggested instead of the momentum-based approach [1], which usually assumes steady-state flow. 

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Materials/machine interactions, three-dimensional viscoelastic behavior and stability of polymeric liquids ... 

As discussed in Chapter 1 of this Second Edition, polymer processing is rapidly evolving into a multidisciplinary field. The aim is not only to analyze the complex thermomechanical phenomena taking place in polymer processing equipment, per se, but to quantitatively account for the consequences, on the fabricated polymer products. Thus, the focus of future polymer processing science will shift away from the machine, and more on the product, although the intimate material-machine interactions in the former are needed for the latter. 

The outline of the model proposed here consists of (i) changes in the material during mixing, (ii) mechanical actions and (iii) material-machine interaction. 

The results from the incident analysis study indicate that the expeeted problems from the theoretieal literature and from previous research on hitman/machine interaction are materializing in the GPS enviromnent. 

The electric field for driving gel robots was developed without changing the shape of the gel in chapter 5. Then the shape of the gel was changed to the same electric field and compared the results in chapter 6. With this respective method, we can explore design space systematically and effectively. This method is applicable to design of other machines consisting of active materials that interact with outside environment. 

The authors thank the German Research Community (DFG) for their assistance within their investigation project Beam-Material-Interaction During Laser Beam Machining". 

Machining of metals involves extensive plastic deformation (shear strain of ca 2—8) of the work material in a narrow region ahead of the tool. High tool temperatures (ca 1000°C) and freshly generated, chemically active surfaces (underside of the chip and the machined surface) that interact extensively with the tool material, result in tool wear. There are also high mechanical and thermal stresses (often cycHc) on the tool (3). 

A reactive polymer (RP) is simply a device to alloy different materials by changing their molecular structure inside a compounding machine. True reactive alloying induces an interaction between different phases of an incompatible mixture and assures the stability of the mixture s morphology. The concept is not new. This technology is now capable of producing thousands of new compounds to meet specific design requirements. 

Given the potential future importance of ceramics in areas as diverse as electronics (see Chapter 4), machine tools, heat engines, and superconductors (see Chapter 4), the United States can ill afford to surrender technical leadership to its competitors. The dominant trend in the field is toward materials with finer microstractures, fewer defects, and better interactions at interfaces (particularly in composites). Chemical processes provide important tools to capture the promise of ceramics for the benefit of our society and to maintain our international competitive position in technology. 

Gruen, D. M., Vepfek, S., and Wright, R. B. Plasma-Materials Interactions and Impurity Control in Magnetically Confined Thermonuclear Fusion Machines. 89, 45-105 (1980). 

The economics of the situation are desirable for factors B and C - lighter pressure would produce less wear on the machine and maintenance costs would be less the lighter weight packaging material would presumably cost less. However, an analysis of the main effects of B and C is insufficient in this example the interaction effects must also be examined. The three-factor interaction ABC is small. The AB and AC interactions are small. But the BC interaction is very large, larger than the largest main effect. 

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