Man-machine interaction

Echoing Bunker s position, Oettinger also emphasized the importance of man-machine interaction ... 

SAMMIE, see System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction Evaluation Sampling. See also Work sampling in health care systems, 745-746 in human factors audits, 1135-1136 when using control charts, 1840 Sanden Corporation, 555 SAP AG, 87, 95, 96, 304, 306, 492, 1002,... 

System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction Evaluation (SAMMIE), 1049, 1050,... 

Frisch, H.P. 1993. Man/machine interaction dynamics and performance analysis. In Proceedings of the NATO-Army-NASA Advanced Study Institute on Concurrent Engineering Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design, Springer-Verlag, New York. 

HIMENO, Y, et al.. Improvement of Man-Machine Interaction by Artificial Intelligence for Advanced Reactors, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 38 (1992) pp. 135-144. 

Moreover, this paper is not about total man/machine interaction. It does not describe incorrect system reactions to erroneous input by the user. It just focuses on the output by a system on a display. 

This paper has envisaged the contribution of the hypermedia technology in the man-machine communication domain in industrial complex processes. Thus, it appears that each industrial imagery designing step can benefit from the facilities of connected knowledge representation as well as from man-machine interactivity, given by these new techniques. 

Ergonomic Man-machine interaction, e.g. body position in relation to task on machine... 

Man/machine interaction Normally high Nil to low Low Very high... 

Man-madijne-systeim and man-madune-interactions have been studied for quite a while. It has been of special inq>ortance with systems, where in roper man-machine-interaction can result in immediate hazards for man and the environment. The interaction between man and nuclear power plants are a good example [4]. The study of man-repository-interaction in the post-closure phase is a new field of research. Its evaluation must be based on a proper assessment of the predictive possibilities and limitations of the man-repository-system. 

In order to overcome the obstacles explained in chapter 4, VDW proposes an improved risk model in the Time Domain. Thereby, individual hazardous situations/events of man-machine interaction are modelled as (timely stretched) risk snapshots in order to follow ISO 12100, 5.5 (risk estimation), whereas the assumptions were made on the safe side for ... 

In this way, a plausible relationship is established between the multiplicity of causes (control system failures) and the bandwidth of possible effects (hazards and expectable severity levels) in the context of the highly time-variable man-machine interaction. The risk reductions can thus also be depicted in a time domain as an enclosure with interlock and locking in the context of an operating mode concept. This is what the product standards for machine tools are dealing with very successfully since more than a decade. 

From a sequencing point of view an accident is only one of several possible outcomes of a man-machine interaction under hazardous conditions. Near accidents and damage incidents are much more common. Tab. 2.4 shows some of the outcomes. 

An accident stands for just one of several possible outcomes of man-machine interactions in hazardous situations. The kinds of near misses or conflict patterns where actual injuries are avoided are far more common. Incidents and conflicts can be used to gain sufficient and reliable information on the underlying accident conditions due to their increased likelihood as compared to the rare events of accidents themselves. The critical incident technique calls for the description of near misses in recently experienced work situations (Flanagan 1954). The traffic conflicts technique is an observation tool and samples different types of near accidents to identify unsafe technical conditions of the traffic location observed, types of unsafe behavior of drivers, cyclists and pedestrians, as well as types of hazardous traffic regulations (Zimolong 1982, Erke Gstalter 1985). 

Direct hazard analysis methods are employed to identify accident potentials before an accident has occurred. Despite their usefulness, they are not applicable in all industries due to their time consuming procedures, sophisticated techniques and narrow domain of application. Accident-based procedures are more commonly used despite their disadvantages to be dealt with in this chapter. The third and most promising approach is to create safe conditions in a working system according to human factors principles of man-machine interaction. 

A human factors approach to safety not only takes into account the hardware aspects of a system, but also such aspects as the human reliability and that of the man-machine interaction. The new view considers the optimization of technical, organizational and human elements in an overall system. 

All man-machine interactions between operators and plant instrumented systems take place at this level. This level comprises all supervision units These units are used for reactor process supervision, command, and plant data recording and management These units are located in the main console, secondary console, training console, supervision desk, radioprotection desk, and local supervision centres. 

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