Process Science

Lee Y T 1987 Molecular beam studies of elementary chemical processes Science 236 793-8... 

Schottky mechanism Schott nomenclature Schradan [152-16-9] Schreibersite [12424-46-3] Schugi mixer Schulze-Hardy rule Schwann cells Schwarzembergite Schwenzfeier process Science policy... 

S. Natansohn and V. Sarin in H. Hausner, G. Messing, and S. Hirano, eds.. Ceramic Powder Processing Science, Deutsche Keramische GeseUschaft e.V. Knfn, Germany, 1989, p. 433. 

Materials Research and Processing Science, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. 

Thickeners and binders such as acacia, agar, starch, sodium alig-nate, gelatin, methyl cellulose, bentonite, and silica are used to improve product stability and enhance the convenience of the administration of a liquid formulation. Surface-active agents, colors, flavors and preservatives may also be used in the final formulation (Garcia et ah. Bioseparation Process Science, Blackwell Science, Malden, Mass., 1999, p. 374). 

Drinking water and various submixtures National Institute of of the full seven-chemical mixture as a Environmental Health promoter in the carcinogenic process Sciences (arsenic, benzene, chloroform, chromium, lead, trichloroethylene, and phenol) (rats)... 

Schwartz, R. W. Payne, D. A. Holland, A. J. 1989. The effects of hydrolysis and catalysis conditions on the surface area and decomposition behavior of polymeric sol-gel derived PbTi03 powders. In Ceramic Powder Processing Science, edited by Hausner, H. Messing, G. W. Hirano, S. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. pp. 165-172. 

L. Pauling, M. Delbriick, Nature of the intermolecular forces operative in biological processes , Science, 1940, 92, 77-79. 

Sanger, F. (1959). Chemistry of insulin determination of the structure of insulin opens the way to greater understanding of life processes. Science 129, 1340-1344. 

Financial support for this work was provided by IBM Corporation Materials and Processing Sciences Program. This support is gratefully acknowledged. 

Financial support for part of this research was provided by IBM Corporation s Materials and Processing Science Program this support is gratefully acknowledged. In addition the authors acknowledge the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for partial support of Dr. Iizawa while in Prof. Frechet s laboratory at the University of Ottawa. 

Finally we gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the IBM Program for the Support of the Materials and Processing Sciences, the Shell Development Corporation, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, the Sloan Foundation and the Research Corporation. Two people at these agencies, Larry Cooper (ONR) and Henry Blount (NSF) have been particularly supportive. 

Pauling, L., Delbrilck, M., The Nature of the Intermolecular Forces Operative in Biological Processes. Science 1940, 92, 77. 

H Giesche, KK Unger. In H Hausner, GL Messing, S Hirano, eds. Ceramic Powder Processing Science, 2nd Int Conf Berchtesgaden 1988, Proc. KOln Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft, 1989, pp 755-764. 

L Marshall, CF Zukoski IV. In IA Aksay, GL McVay, DR Ulrich, eds. Mater Res Soc Symp vol 155, Processing Science of Advanced Ceramics. Pittsburgh, PA Materials Research Society, 1989, pp 65-72. 

Hinrichs, R.J. Processing Science of Epoxy Resin Composites (1982) Industry Contract Review F33615-80-C5021, General Dynamics Convair Division, San Diego, Calif. Jan. 19... 

Interim Report, Processing Science of Epoxy Resin Composites (1981) Contract No. F33615-80-C-5021, 9/15/80-10/15/81, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Weright Patterson AFB, Ohio... 

Carpenter, J. Processing Science for AS/3501-6 Carbon/Epoxy Composites, Technical Report N00019-81-C-0814, NASC, April 1983... 

Kays, A.O., Exploratory Development on Processing Science of Thick-Section Composites, Air Force Contract No. F33615-82-C-5059, Final Report for September 1982 to May 1985, AFWAL-TR-85-4090... 

There are two primary methods to reduce the number of trial process conditions and at the same time gain more information from the experiments done. The first method to be discussed is based on design of experiments (DOE). The second method, process science, is an offshoot of attempts to improve quality control on incoming materials. Each has advantages and often they are combined. 

An alternate to statistical methods is the analytical study of the material behaviors and mechanisms that link the primary variables to the secondary variables that are more easily controlled. This is often called processing science. 

Simulations of the process are less expensive and less time consuming than actual runs. If the users understand the assumptions, then they can add to the understanding of the process. Even if the equations are derived from data, the interaction of equations may provide useful insight. Mechanistic models can (theoretically at least) provide even more insight. Further, the development of a process model usually includes some of the same experiments useful for process science, creating an experience base for process development. 

Regardless of the quality of the model, process cycles designed with models have all of the same problems of process cycles designed by process science, DOE, or SPC. Preplanned regulation of secondary variables does not allow controlled adaptation to unanticipated disturbances in the cycle. 

Lee, C.W. Paper Presented at the Air Force Symposium on the Processing Science of Composites (1985) Los Angeles... 

Abbott Laboratories Process Sciences 100 Research Drive Worcester MA 01605 USA... 

J. Burdeniuc and R. H. Crabtree, Mineralization of chlorofluorocarbons and aromatization of saturated fluorocarbons by a convenient thermal process. Science, 271, 340-341 (1996). 

Various 6th International Coating Process Science and Technology Symposium Papers, Amer. Inst, of Chem. Engineers, New York, NY, 1992. 

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