Future polymers

In the polymer industry, post-reaction product treatment processes such as liquid-solid separation, drying, precipitation, particle size control, and polymer purification are very complex and costly. Future polymer plants should be designed such that process equipment can be easily and quickly converted to making new products at minimal cost and with... 

As fossil fuel resources dwindle, there is growing interest in developing new raw materials for future polymers [121]. As A. Gandini has stated polymers from renewable resources are indeed the macromolecular materials of the future [122]. Between the different renewable resources, carbohydrates stand out as highly convenient raw materials because they are inexpensive, readily available, and provide great stereochemical diversity. 

Angle-resolved UPS studies of polymers and interfaces Although few polymer systems exist in the form of single crystals, it can be expected that in the future, polymer systems will be prepared which are more ordered. The studies reviewed here are prototypical of what can be done on ordered polymer systems, and lay the basis for future work on ordered systems using photoelectron spectroscopies. 

As discussed in Chapter 1 of this Second Edition, polymer processing is rapidly evolving into a multidisciplinary field. The aim is not only to analyze the complex thermomechanical phenomena taking place in polymer processing equipment, per se, but to quantitatively account for the consequences, on the fabricated polymer products. Thus, the focus of future polymer processing science will shift away from the machine, and more on the product, although the intimate material-machine interactions in the former are needed for the latter. 

To become fully efficient in the future polymer research arena, the chemical engineer should master a set of instrumental techniques that have not traditionally been within the purview of our discipline. We simply list those that we feel have broad utility here and invite the interested but unfamiliar reader to seek out any of a number of more specialized reviews. The ACS Polymer Division has sponsored a set of instrumentation tutorials for the last eight years, so the Polymer Preprints of that Division are a good starting point. 

Hon, D.N.-S. Cellulose A Wonder Material with Promising Future Polymer News, 1987, in press. 

Given the size and scope of the field of polymer colloids, an exhaustive review of the important themes for polymer colloids research is not feasible in the context of this paper. Instead, an overview of some of the more significant issues for current and future polymer colloids research is given. Important themes for research are presented in relation to industrial needs, specifically in terms of water-borne polymer colloids. 

The last chapter closes the circle with the previous volume which dealt with commercial processes and products. Together both volumes represent an overall cross-section of the improvements of existing processes and modifications of products as well as of new polymers and novel polymerization reactions, candidates of the future polymer industry. Polymer science and technology are young and diversifying, and the polymer industry will maintain its growth and expand into new fields of applications. 

A new area of polymer science termed nano-macromolecular chemistry [Eirich, 1993] also has relevance to future polymer blend technology and application. Langmuir-Blodget techniques allow for the formation of films of one molecule thickness. Utilizing polymerizable molecules for these films, a polymer molecule or network can yield a film with the thickness of several nanometers. Alternating layers comprised of different polymers could be prepared to yield specific optical or electrical properties. Polymerization of calix-arenes to yield molecular sieving membranes for gas separation has been discussed by Conner et al. [1993]. 

The principle of "mediated" electron transfer, whereby electrons are passed from the reduced form of a relatively negative redox couple to the oxidized form of a relatively positive couple, has been demonstrated to occur between two polymer layers of slightly different Ru (bpy)3 complex polymers by Murray and coworkers (18), This kind of stepwise, unidirectional electron transfer may be very significant in future polymer coated PEC cells which seek to separate charge, and of additional Interest, Ru (bpy)3 complexes are frequently used as cyclic PEC catalysts in water splitting experiments. Some details of this experiment are thus Informative. 

By comparing the properties of the polymers with the conditions of their production several hints for a better production process could be found. Much further work is needed to find the exact parameters for an optimal production of completely homogeneous polymers, which will help to improve existing and develop future polymer production processes. 

Hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) are the most common class of the curative additives and their application is the state-of-the-art in photoprotection of carbon-chain polymers, polyolefins in particular. HAS shape future polymer development, promote their consumption in new areas and expand material performance by increasing its lifetime. Application of HAS is based on a long-term effective development and is connected with commercial benefits for polymers. An optimized technical application of HAS required explanation of their chemistry and activity mechanisms in different phases of the oxidative degradation of polyolefins [14-17]. 

Hon DNS (1988) Cellulose a wonder material with promising future. Polym News 13 34-140 Hon DNS (1992) Chemical modification of lignocellulosic materials old chemistry, new... 

Hon, D.N.S. Cellulose A wonder material with promising future. Polym. News 13, 34-140(1988). 

The work recently reported (Vicevic et al., 2006) will, it is believed, form the basis of Future Polymer Processes. Carried out in conjunction with Sheffield University, the examination of the kinetics of the process has allowed the continuous... 

Mobile applications of the future require both power and energy capacity and low weight, a combination which can no longer be provided by conventional battery types and systems. It is conceivable that in the future polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMs) may even be used in the field of portable applications. Prototypes of laptops and mobile phones which run on PEMs instead of conventional batteries have already been developed. 

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the currently available multi-functional techniques utilized in polymer analysis and identify those features of hyphenated methods that may play a key role in the future polymer analysis. The discussion centers around synergistic aspects of hyphenated techniques, their potential, error analysis, and utilization in multi-dimensional experiments. 

In the future, polymer composites and structures should take a leap forward, not only providing better structural properties (a stage almost achieved), but also enhancing biological functionality. An enhanced biological interaction between cells and structures will certainly have ahuge influence on the success of engineeredbiomaterials. 

Until quite recently, most scientists believe that the Stokes-Einstein equation can be applied even in solid polymer system. That means, larger cations receive larger resistance because of larger size. However, it was clarified that the fast ion migration could be achieved by the use of not strong but moderate Ion-Dipole interaction. In near future, polymers with more excellent ion conductive characters will be designed. The control of interaction between carrier ions and polymer matrix is the key point for this purpose. 

Acid catalyzed intramolecular elimination of three moles of water forms - 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, a key substance for future polymer synthesis from RR to replace formaldehyde. 

Hunley, M. T. Long, T. E. (2008). Electrospinning functional nanoscale fibers a perspective for the future. Polymer International, 57(3), 385-389. 

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