Sheet-metal forming

Mechanical drives faster action and more positive displacement control. 

Hydraulic drives greater forces and more flexibility. 

Deep drawing forming of a blank into a closed cylindrical or rectangular shaped die. Incorporating an ironing operation improves dimensional tolerances. 

Bending deformation about a linear axis to form an angled or contoured profile. 

Stretch forming sheet metal is clamped and stretched over a simple form tool. 

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LB = lens blocking W = work holding RS = radiation shielding FSD = fusible safety device PC = proof casting SMF = sheet metal forming ... 

Cut and paste is similar to sheet metal forming where the part is subdivided into a number of simple shapes that can be easily formed from the reinforcement at hand. The pieces are fit together either with an adhesive or by stitching. If an adhesive is used, it should be remembered that the mechanical properties can be adversely affected by this [6], The cut-... 

The whole process consists of a sequence of consecutive steps which allows separation into production modules. Some of them already exist and will just need slight modifications. Others have to be developed. At the very beginning, one makes use of the newly developed reel-to-reel etching technology for micro structured stainless-steel foils similar to the process described in [166], The structured foils are then coated with catalyst, structured again with a laser tool and finally folded by sheet metal forming to a reactor monolith. The readily mass-produced reactors will be sealed by laser welding. 

Blanking is cutting, punching, or shearing a shape out of stock. In sheet metal form, blanking is typically carried out at room temperature. Usually, a blank serves as an input workpiece to some subsequent forming operation. 

Forming tools such as drawing rings, deep drawing dies or bending tools for sheet metal forming are typical examples of C VD-coated steel... 

The main task in this application example was to give specialized engineers a tool for improving the construction and evaluation process with sheet metal forms. The application was developed by Fraunhofer lAO for BMW ... 

CERTETA-Research Center in Sheet Metal Forming, Technical University of Cluj, Romania, Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania... 

These more practical motivated values are used for a rough classification for sheet metal forming processes. In order to simulate these processes, suitable yield criterions and definitions of yield surfaces are needed, which are described next... 

The accuracy of the simulation results is given mainly by the accuracy of the material model. In the last years, the scientific research is oriented in developing of new material models able to describe the material behavior (mainly the anisotropic one) as accurate as possible (Barlat et al. 2004 Banabic 2010 Banabic et al. 2010). The computer simulation of the sheet metal forming processes needs a quantitative description of the plastic anisotropy by the yield locus. 

Banabic D (2010) Sheet metal forming processes constitutive modelling and numerical simulation. SpiingCT, Berlin... 

Marciniak Z, Duncan JL, Hu SJ (1992) Mechanics of sheet metal forming. Edward Arnold, London Roters F, Eisenlohr P, Hantcherli L, Tjanjanto DD, Bieler TR, Raabe D (2010) Acta Mater 58 1152 Serruys W (2006) Sheet metalworking, state of the art, LVD Company NV... 

Process planning is required and applied to just about any manufacturing process or operation in many domains including metal removal, assembly, bulk and sheet metal forming, inspection, robots manipulation and processing tasks, etc. 

Deep drawing is a sheet metal forming process by which a sheet metal blank is slightly clamped along its perimeter by a blank holder and radially drawn into a forming die by use of a punch. 

Sheet metal forming in the flange zone of the drawn part is characterized by compression stresses in the normal direction an, induced by blank holder pressure distribution, as well as tangential compression stresses at and radial tensile stresses (j (Fig. 3). 

Allan T, Tekkaya AE (2012) Sheet metal forming fundamentals. ASM International, Materials Park Schuler GmbH (1998) Metal forming handbook. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg... 

The high surface to volume ratio of the workpiece in sheet metal forming gives the opportunity of using structural elements, which make use of the plane shape of the sheet Wang... 

Finite Eiement Method, Table 3 Element types used in sheet metal forming simnlatirais... 

In order to demonstrate the use of finite element method in metal forming practice, two examples are selected. The first example belongs to the sheet metal forming and the second one the bulk metal forming. 

While in sheet metal forming FLDs are commonly used to evaluate formability, in bulk metal forming some criteria have been developed. 

Marciniak Z (1978) Sheet metal forming limits. In Koistinen DP, Wang NM (eds) Mechanics of sheet metal forming. Plenum Press, New York/London, pp 215-235... 

Goodwin GM (1968) Application of strain analysis to sheet metal forming problems in the press shop. Soc Automot Eng 680093 380-387... 

Kitazawa K, Wakabayashi A, Murata K, Seino J (1994) A CNC incremental sheet metal forming method for producing the shell components having sharp components. J JSTP 35(406) 1348-1353 (in Japanese)... 

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