Massive

Right Fig. 4.2 Cross section of the test object. Comparison between the eddy eurrent density close to a crack in either a massive (bottom) or a stacked sample (top). 

Automobile motor part (VGInsight view) Corrosion of the inner part (circle). Massive steel is drawn semitransparent. 

The first step involved massive testing at ANDREX laboratory to determine the optimal detection process. Two imaging methods were discussed, one using a linear detector array, the other using a high resolution image intensifier. 

Electrolytic silver recovery is a common technique to desilver fixing solutions. It has been known for decades, although it never really reached a point where it was massively introduced into the industrial radiology market. In the past, the main reasons to implement silver recovery were twofold. 

One common approximation is to separate the nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom. Since the nuclei are considerably more massive than the electrons, it can be assumed that the electrons will respond mstantaneously to the nuclear coordinates. This approximation is called the Bom-Oppenlieimer or adiabatic approximation. It allows one to treat the nuclear coordinates as classical parameters. For most condensed matter systems, this assumption is highly accurate [11, 12]. 

Free-electron lasers have long enabled the generation of extremely intense, sub-picosecond TFlz pulses that have been used to characterize a wide variety of materials and ultrafast processes [43]. Due to their massive size and great expense, however, only a few research groups have been able to operate them. Other approaches to the generation of sub-picosecond TFlz pulses have therefore been sought, and one of the earliest and most successfid involved semiconducting materials. In a photoconductive semiconductor, carriers (for n-type material, electrons)... 

In order to illustrate some of the basic aspects of the nonlinear optical response of materials, we first discuss the anliannonic oscillator model. This treatment may be viewed as the extension of the classical Lorentz model of the response of an atom or molecule to include nonlinear effects. In such models, the medium is treated as a collection of electrons bound about ion cores. Under the influence of the electric field associated with an optical wave, the ion cores move in the direction of the applied field, while the electrons are displaced in the opposite direction. These motions induce an oscillating dipole moment, which then couples back to the radiation fields. Since the ions are significantly more massive than the electrons, their motion is of secondary importance for optical frequencies and is neglected. 

Except for gases, it is very difficult to detennine Cy. For a solid or liquid the pressure developed in keeping the volume constant when the temperature is changed by a significant amount would require a vessel so massive that most of the total heat capacity would be that of the container. It is much easier to measure the difference... 

It now seems clear tliat, under certain conditions, massive enhancements of what is nonnally a very weak process can be achieved. The ability to obtain vibrational spectra would be a great advance in tlie characterization of single molecules if metliods could be found to reproducibly observe all molecules in a sample, not only tliose tliat happen to bind to special sites on tlie colloid. 

The components in catalysts called promoters lack significant catalytic activity tliemselves, but tliey improve a catalyst by making it more active, selective, or stable. A chemical promoter is used in minute amounts (e.g., parts per million) and affects tlie chemistry of tlie catalysis by influencing or being part of tlie catalytic sites. A textural (structural) promoter, on tlie otlier hand, is used in massive amounts and usually plays a role such as stabilization of tlie catalyst, for instance, by reducing tlie tendency of tlie porous material to collapse or sinter and lose internal surface area, which is a mechanism of deactivation. 

A salient feature of natural surfaces is tliat tliey are overwhelmingly electron donors [133]. This is tlie basis for tlie ubiquitous hydrophilic repulsion which ensures tliat a cell can function, since massive protein-protein aggregation and protein-membrane adsorjition is tliereby prevented. In fact, for biomolecule interactions under typical physiological conditions, i.e. aqueous solutions of moderately high ionic strengtli, tlie donor-acceptor energy dominates. 

Therefore, the absorjDtion line is massively inlromogeneously broadened at low temperature. An inliomogeneous lineshape can be used to detennine the static or quasistatic frequency spread of oscillators due to a distribution of environments, but it provides no dynamical infonnation whatsoever [94, 95]. As T is increased to 300 K, the absorjDtion linewidth decreases and increases. At 300 K, the lineshape is nearly homogeneously broadened and dominated by vibrational dephasing, because fast dephasing wipes out effects of inliomogeneous environments, a well known phenomenon tenned motional narrowing [951. 

V. E. Taylor, R. L. Stevens and K. E. Arnold, Parallel molecular dynamics Communication requirements for massively parallel machines , Proc. Frontiers... 

With these massive amounts of data produced in HTS for combinatorial libraries, tools become necessary to make it possible to navigate through these data and to extract the necessary information, to search - as is said quite often -for a needle in a haystack. 

Note. The massive construction of the bomb and its casing makes the risk of an explosion almost negligible. As an additional precaution... 

The last (4th) Edition of this book appeared in i960, and has been followed by four New Impressions, the last in 1967. The rapid and ceaseless changing of the presentation of organic chemistry— both theoretical and practical—warranted an entirely new edition, but this would have entailed a massive task, for which neither Dr. B. C. Saunders nor I had time or opportunity to undertake. 

Undei the Born Oppenheinier approximaii.on. the nuclei ai e assumed to be so much more massive and slow moving than the electrons that their motions are independent and can be treated separately. This permits the Hamiltonian in Hq, (9-4) to be separated into tw o parts, one that refers to nuclei only... 

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