Bosons massive

The particle spectrum consists of a massless Goldstone boson 2, a massive scalar i, and more crucially a massive vector A. The Goldstone boson can be eliminated by gauge transformation. For infinitesimal gauge factor a(x),... 

This constraint implicitly defines the matrix, K (4>,gL,gR) Here, we wish to examine the CFL spectrum of massive states using the technique of integrating in/out at the level of the effective Lagrangian. is the Goldstone boson decay... 

The extension of U(l) x SU(2) electroweak theory to SU(2) x SU(2) elec-troweak theory succeeds in describing the empirically measured masses of the weakly interacting vector bosons, and predicts a novel massive boson that was been detected in 1999 [92]. The SU(2) x SU(2) theory is developed initially with one Higgs field for both parts of the twisted bundle [93], and is further developed later in this section. 

On scales larger than unification, the requirement A =0 is needed [94] because otherwise Zo would have a mass greater than empirically measured, or there would be an additional massive boson along with the Zo neutral boson. A... 

The prediction of a heavy boson has received preliminary empirical support [92,96] from an anomaly in Z decay widths that points toward the existence of Z bosons with a mass of 812 GeV 1 33j [92,96] within the SO(l) grand unified field model, and a Higgs mechanism of 145 GeV4gj3. This suggests that a new massive neutral boson has been detected. Analysis of the hadronic peak cross sections obtained at LEP [96] implies a small amount of missing invisible width in Z decays. The effective number of massless neutrinos is 2.985 0.008, which is below the prediction of 3 by the standard model of electroweak interactions. The weak charge Qw in atomic parity violation can be interpreted as a measurement of the S parameter. This indicates a new Qw = 72.06 0.44, which is found to be above the standard model pre-... 

One of these is the superheavy Crowell boson [42], associated with index (3) in the ((1),(2),(3)) basis, and the other two are massive photons associated with indices (1) and (2). The superheavy Crowell boson comes from electroweak theory with an SU(2) electromagnetic sector and may have been observed in a LEP collaboration at CERN [44,56],... 

In order to make this consistent with the SU(2) x (7(1) electro weak interaction [4], theory we initially require that A3 = 0 everywhere on scales larger than at unification. If this were nonzero, then Zo would have a larger mass or there would be an additional massive boson along with the Zo neutral boson. The first case is not been observed, and the second case is to be determined. This assumption, while ad hoc at this point, is made to restrict this gauge freedom and will be relaxed later in a more complete discussion of the 3-photon. This condition is relaxed in the following discussion or chiral and vector fields. This leads to the standard result that the mass of the photon is zero and that the mass of the Zq particle is... 

The middle term is a Proca Lagrangian for a massive photon. Here the mass of this photon is assumed to be larger than the masses of the W and W° bosons. The current / 31( is determined by the charged fermions with masses given by the Yukawa interactions with the Higgs held. These are yet to be explored. Now consider the term in the Euler-Lagrange equation... 

If we consider non-Abelian electromagnetism, we have a situation where the vector potential component A3, vanish and where A(11= A, . The annulment of the components A3, has been studied in the context of the unification of non-Abelian electromagnetism and weak interactions, where on the physical vacuum of the broken symmetry SU(2) x SU(2) the vector boson corresponding to A3, is very massive and vanishes on low-energy scales. This means that the 3-component of the magnetic field is then... 

Here for c 1 we have the Feynman gauge, and , = 0 is the Landau gauge. This gauge fixing term will enter into the massive boson propagators for the A 3 field. The propagator will be of the form... 

For simplicity, we consider the universe to be radiation dominated. This is because the particles, even the highly massive X, Y, and V particles have such large kinetic energies that they behave similar to photons or massless bosons. This state of affairs in the early universe was know to exist up until the universe dropped to a temperature below 103 K 100,000 years into its evolution. For the radiation dominated period in the evolution of the universe the pressure and density were related by... 

This analysis leads to the deduction of the existence of a massive vector boson held that is formally expressed as the dual of the Maxwell held and has been shown to be connected to the Maxwell held. Here, the massive vector boson is to be interpreted as nonzero mass of photon. 

In the conventional formalism, as the p term does not appear, B L Jo. Now, in Roscoe s framework, as p 0, B is not perpendicular to the current flow, and therefore has a component in the direction of the current flow. It has been shown that the magnetization effects similar to the inverse Faraday effect (IFF) can be expected for appropriate polarization states of the transmitted radiation. Moreover, a massive vector boson can be constructed from the electromagnetic field so that it can be interpreted only as a nonzero mass photon. Here, the model suggested for photon can be interpreted as a bound system with discrete mass and frequency states. This may have important role in explaining redshift phenomena. 

Entities that move in the interface are achiral and massless. A virtual photon consists of a virtual particle/anti-particle pair. The vector bosons that mediate the weak interaction are massive and unlike photons, distinct from their anti-particles. The weak interaction therefore has reflection symmetry only across the vacuum interface and hence /3-decay violates parity conservation. 

For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections (Massive Neutrino Peak Search Test, A° (axion), and Other Light Boson (X°) Searches, etc.). 

Therefore, one obtains the scalar Higgs boson (0) with the mass term /—/ , three massive vector bosons and with the masses... 

Although there is also no evidence of a quantum limit there is a discontinuity between massive and massless objects to be considered. Why, for instance, does a 7-ray have a shorter wavelength than an electron, but remains massless Although this question cannot be answered there are clear differences between electrons, protons and 7-rays. The first two are fermions with respective negative and positive charges, while 7-rays are neutral bosons. The difference lies in spin, electric charge and mass, as shown in Table 8.2. 

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