Mass spectrometry with capillary electrophoresis

Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Affinity capillary electrophoresis was originally used for the determination of the binding constants of small molecules to proteins (47-49). This solution-based technique is rapid and requires only small amounts of ligands. Affinity constants are measured based on the mobility change of the ligand on interaction with the receptor present in the electrophoretic buffer (50). By combining affinity capillary electrophoresis with on-line mass spectrometric detection and... 

It has been coupled with enzyme immunoassay for efficient and fast polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) screening in soil [21]. In a number of studies both static and dynamic superheated water extraction has been coupled to solid-phase microextraction [15, 25, 28, 30, 35, 38], sometimes with other analytical methods also coupled. It has been coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [31], capillary electrophoresis [31], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [32] and liquid chromatography-gas chromatography [41]. Sometimes other chemicals are added to the water used, such as acid [42] or phosphate buffer [43]. Different trapping methods for analytical extraction have been examined [44]. 

To control the extent of water contamination with substances of environmental concern it is necessary to develop rapid and sensitive analytical methods. Modem gas chromatography (GC) and Hquid chromatography, especially in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and capillary electrochromatography are the most suitable techniques for the analysis of both an individual component and a complex mixture. However, as a mle, the concentration of solutes to be analyzed in water samples is too low, in the range of nanograms to micrograms per liter, to inject a probe directly into a chromatographic analytical column and, therefore, pre-enrichment of water samples is required. 

J. Kronholm, P. Revilla-Ruiz, S.P. Porras, K. Hartonen, R. Carabfas-Martfnez and M.-L. Riekkola, Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis in analysis of phenolic compounds extracted from solid matrices with pressurized hot water, J. Chromatogr. A. 1022, 9, 2004. 

Deterding, L.J. Tomer, K.B. Wellemans, J.M.Y. Cemy, R.L. Gross, M.L. Capillary Electrophoresis/Tandem Mass Spectrometry With Array Detection. Eur. Mass Spectrom. 1999,5, 33-40. 

Hofstadler, S. A., Wahl, J. H., Bakhtiar, R., Anderson, G. A., Bruce, J. E., and Smith, R. D. (1994). Capillary electrophoresis/Eourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry with sustained off-resonance irradiation for the characterization of protein and peptide mixtures. ]. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 5, 894 —899. 

Hofstadler, S. A., Severs, J. C., Smith, R. D., Swanek, F. D., and Ewing, A. G. (1996). Analysis of single cells with capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 919—922. 

Jenkins et al. developed a capillary electrophoresis system for the measurement of iohexol as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with a run time of 5.25 min and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.3% at 80 mg L" [121]. The GFR, calculated from the plasma clearance, had a reproducibility of 5.47 %. A similar approach (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization after enrichment by solid phase extraction) was applied by Putschew et al. for the determination of iodinated contrast agents in treatment plant effluents and surface waters [118]. 

HB Hines, EE Bmeggemann, M Holcomb, CL Holder. Fumonisin B, analysis with capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 9 519-524,... 

H. Siren, M. Jussila, H. Liu, S. Peltoniemi, K. Sivonen and M.-L. Riek-kola, Separation, purity testing, and identification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins with capillary electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 839 (1999) 203-215. 

Magnuson, M.L., Creed, J.T. and Brockhoffl C.A. (1997) Speciation of arsenic compounds in drinking water by capillary electrophoresis with hydrodynamically modified electro-osmotic flow detected through hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a membrane gas-liquid separator./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 689-695. 

Li, M. X. Wu, J. T. Parus, S. Lubman, D. M. 1998. Development of a three-dimensional topographic map display for capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry with an ion trap/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer detector applications to tryptic digests of isoforms of myelin basic protein. ./. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 9,701-709. 

C. G. Edmonds, J.A. Loo, R.R. Loo, H.R Udseth, C.J. Barinaga, and R.D. Smith. 1991. Application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with capillary electrophoresis for biochemical investigations 5/oc/2e/n. Soc. Trans. 19 943-947. (PubMed)... 

Mass spectrometry (MS) possesses the unique abihty to identify separated compounds and is now used routinely with gas and liquid chromatography. This selective and highly sensitive detection mode is also compatible with capillary electrophoresis and provides a powerful combination for performing rapid, efficient and sensitive analysis. 

Edmunds, C. C., Loo, J. A., Loo, R. R., Udseth, H. R.. Baiinaga, C, J., and Smith, R. D. 1991. Application of clectrospi ay ionization mass. spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with capillary electrophoresis loi biocherrucal investigations. Bioc/tem.. Soc Tntfis 19 94.i-947... 

For library analysis of compound mixtures, reliable results are obtained by coupling mass spectrometry with HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this arrangement, mixtures of several hundred compounds can be analyzed. A comparison of MS, CE, and NMR for library characterization has been made in [93]. It was concluded that existing analytical techniques can provide sufficient information about prepared libraries. 

The covalent interactions of small molecules with DNA have also been studied using electrospray. The use of liquid chromatography in conjunction with electrospray has been reviewed. The use of electrospray in conjunction with capillary electrophoresis has also been investigated. The stabilities of duplexes formed from 3, 5 - and 2, 5 - linked DNA have been compared by electrospray The binding of metal ions to oligonucleotides has also been studied using electrospray ionisation,Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry. ... 

Font G, Juan-Garci A, Pico Y, Pressurized liquid extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry as an improved methodology for the determination of sulfonamide residues in meat, J. Chromatogr. A 2007 1159 233-241. 

W3. Wittke, S., Fliser, D., Haubitz, M., et al.. Determination of peptides and proteins in human urine with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, a suitable tool for the establishment of new diagnostic markers. J. Chromatog. A. 1013, 173-181 (2003). 

Suomi, J. et al., Determination of iridoid glycosides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography-mass spectrometry with use of the partial filling technique, Electrophoresis, 22, 2580, 2001. 

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