Swamp mangrove

FIGURE 6.46 The oligomeric states of hemerythrin in various marine worms, (a) The hemerythrin in Thermkte zostericola crystallized as a monomer (b) the octameric hemerythrin crystallized from Phascolopsis gouldii (c) the trimeric hemerythrin crystallized from Sipiwnosoma collected in mangrove swamps in Fiji. 

Spackman, W. Cohen, A. D. Given, P. H. Casagrande, D. J. "The Comparative Study of the Okefenokee Swamp and the Everglade s-Mangrove Swamp-Marsh Complex of Southern Florida, Field guidebook printed for Geol. Soc. Amer. Pre-convention field trip, 15-17 November 1974 (subsequently published by Coal Research Section, Pennsylvania State University, 1976), 403 pp. 

Seaskaters (oceanic insects), Halobates spp., Rheumobates sp. whole from mangrove swamps... 

Coral reefs and mangrove swamps Modern lithogenous sediment Relict sediment (continental shelf)... 

They are considered to be the trees and bushes growing in the saline Intertidal zones of sheltered coastlines. Their root systems are thus regularly inundated with saline water however, dilution by flooding may occur once or twice annually O). Four vascular plants associated with tidal mangrove swamps in Southeast Asia have been utilized by local inhabitants for their toxic properties. The natural sap or aqueous extract from the leaves and bark is used to stupefy fish, as poison for spear and arrow tips, and applied to tooth cavities and skin to deaden aches and pain. 

Benner, R., and R. E. Hodson. 1985. Microbial degradation of the leachable and lignocellulosic components of leaves and wood from Rhizophora mangle in a tropical mangrove swamp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 23 221-230. 

Moran, M.A., Wicks, R.J., and Hodson, R.E. (1991) Export of dissolved organic matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76, 175-184. 

Woodroffe, E. (1995) Transport of sediment in mangrove swamps. Hydrobiologia 295, 31-42. 

Kristensen, E., Holmer, M., and Bussarawit, N. (1991). Benthic metabolism and sulfate reduction in a southeast Asian mangrove swamp. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 73, 93—103. 

Figure 5.6.B. Bob Brinton in a mangrove swamp. San Jose Island, Panama, 1944. Photographs by Bill Shand. Provided by Mrs. Rene Mills.

The NDRC people and army officers worked together, as illustrated by Figure 5.6.A. The Major, the Captain and Bill shand of NDRC were similarly dressed in work clothes and were all doing the same job. Bob Brinton was photographed in an almost impenetrable mangrove swamp in Figure 5.6.B. 

The porosity of the canopy is therefore n = 1- (n/4)ad. Using stem densities and diameters reported for the short- and tail-form of S. alterniflora [627], ad = 0(0.001)-0(0.01). In these marsh canopies the solid volume fraction ( ad) is sufficiently small to make the porosity effectively 1. However, in some freshwater marshes the solid volume fraction can be as high as 15%, corresponding to ad 0.2, and np = 0.8 (Fox et al., 2002 [196]). In mangrove swamps the solid volume fraction can be as high as 45%, np = 0.55, within the root zone [401],... 

Mazda, Y., Wolanski, E., King, B., Sase, A., Ohtsuka, D. and Magi, M. (1997) Drag force due to vegetation in mangrove swamps, Mangroves and Salt Marshes 1, 193-199. 

As plant tissues senesce and die, three processes may ensue almost simultaneously. First, enzymes within the dead but sterile and physically intact cells cause proteolysis and other autolytic degradations. The released amino acids, sugars, tannins, phenols, and quinones may be oxidized by chemical or enzymatic catalysis to produce humus-like pigments, or proto-humus as discussed by Stevenson in Chapter 2. This was well illustrated by Cohen (Given and Dickinson, 1975) who observed cellular material of partially polymerized eaco-anthocyanins in residues of Rhizophora mangle deposited in a mangrove swamp in Florida. The autolytic reactions may be prominent in situations where microbial decomposition is slow due to acidity, anaerobiosis, or lack of basic nutrients. 

The estimated primary production (in terms of C content) for various aquatic ecosystems is shown in Table 3.3. Freshwater primary production, in lakes and streams, amounts to a little over 1% of total aquatic primary production. Phytoplankton account for c.95% of marine primary production, which totals c.40GtCyr-1, whereas coastal ecosystems make relatively minor contributions. Important macrophytes in intertidal zones include Rhizophora in mangrove swamps, turtle grass... 

In estuaries phytoplankton are generally less important than benthonic and littoral (shorehne Fig. 3.6) communities, but benthonic diatoms can be important. The larger plants (macrophytes) of salt marshes and mangrove swamps may host a significant community of... 

Among the most prolific primary producers are mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities (see Table 3.2), and anoxicity can develop in the sediments trapped by the root systems of the macrophyte stands. However, the formation of organic-rich sediments in these environments is hindered by dilution with clastic material, a limited vertical extent of accumulation (if sea level remains constant) and subaerial exposure. Similar limitations can apply to the preservation of organic-rich sediments in freshwater swamps and marshes. Accumulation of significant thicknesses of organic-rich sediments in these areas requires a gradual rise in water level (see Section 3.4.2). 

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