Freshwater swamps

Postma D (1982) Pyrite and siderite formation in brackish and freshwater swamp sediments. Amer J Sci 282 1151-1183... 

Bano, N., M. A. Moran, and R. E. Hodson. 1997. Bacterial utilization of dissolved humic substances from a freshwater swamp. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 12 233-238. 

Biomes are a group of closely related ecosystems (see below). Terrestrial biomes include tundras, taigas, temperate forests, deserts, grasslands, and tropical rain forests. Major aquatic biomes are freshwater swamps, marshes and bogs, lakes and rivers, estuaries, inter-tidal zones, coastal oceans and open oceans. 

Megonigal J. P. and Schlesinger W. H. (2002) Methane production and oxidation in a tidal freshwater swamp. 

Among the most prolific primary producers are mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities (see Table 3.2), and anoxicity can develop in the sediments trapped by the root systems of the macrophyte stands. However, the formation of organic-rich sediments in these environments is hindered by dilution with clastic material, a limited vertical extent of accumulation (if sea level remains constant) and subaerial exposure. Similar limitations can apply to the preservation of organic-rich sediments in freshwater swamps and marshes. Accumulation of significant thicknesses of organic-rich sediments in these areas requires a gradual rise in water level (see Section 3.4.2). 

The second theory, which is favored by some geologists, is that the plants that compose the coal were accumulated in large freshwater swamps or peat bogs during many thousands of years. This theory, which supposes growth-in-place of vegetable material, is called the autochthonous theory. 

Anaerobic environments, such as swamps, marine and freshwater sediments, and the body cavities of animals, are teeming with large numbers of single-ceUed eukaryotes (protists) that, like all cells, must produce ATP to survive. Some of these protists, such as ciUates, trichomonads, and chytrid... 

Swamps are forested, freshwater wetlands on submerged soils in which little peat accumulates. This is the US definition elsewhere the term also includes non-forested wetlands with reeds. Swamps tend to form in warmer climates. 

Marshes are herbaceous freshwater, non-peat-producing wetlands dominated by grasses, sedges or reeds. The distinction between swamps and marshes may be blurred. 

Freshwater turtles home to their pond when experimentally displaced. Painted turtles, Chrysemyspicta, homed from 100 m, but not from 1.6 km (Emlen, 1969). They use chemical cues painted turtles discriminate chemical cues from their home ponds and other ponds. Males and females prefer water from their home pond to that from other ponds (Quinn and Graves, 1998). The Eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicolUs, of southestern Australia uses solar cues during migration between a permanent lake and an ephemeral swamp, as... 

Lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshes - common in temperate areas - contribute little to the diversity of natural products. Abundant dull-green grass and dull-colored fish and moUusks characterize lakes and rivers, in contrasts with the vivid colors of tropical fish and seaweeds. Haplosclerid sponges are occasionally abundant in freshwater, but their secondary metabolism is limited to demospongic acids (Dembisky 1994), in contrast with the variety of metabolites from marine sponges in the same order. Where not for cyanobacteria (which are as rich of unusual metabolites as the marine strains), tropical amphibians, and aquatic fimgi, freshwater ecosystems would have passed unnoticed in this book. 

In the freshwater peat swamp, bacterial reduction of organic sulfur in plant tissues may be an important process in the formation of pyrite (93). Altschuler et al. (93) proposed that in the Everglades peat, pyrite precipitates directly by the reaction of HS or organic sulfide (produced by reduction of oxysulfur compounds in dissimilatory respiration) with ferrous iron in the degrading tissues. Pyrite formation in low-sulfur coal may be accounted for by this process. 

Approximately0.007% of the total water on Earth is contained in freshwater lakes, 0.006% in saline lakes, 0.002% in rivers, and 0.0008% forms part of swamp water. The rest of the surface water (approximately 0.0011%) is present as soil moisture or as a part of biological matter (see Figure 6.1). 

The first global CH4 budgets were compiled by Ehhalt (1974) and Ehhalt and Schmidt (1978), who used available published information to estimate emissions of CH4 to the atmosphere. They considered paddy fields, freshwater sources (lakes, swamps, and marshes), upland fields and forests, tundra, the ocean, and enteric fermentation by animals as biogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources included industrial natural gas losses and emission from coal mining, and were considered to be free. Observations of CH4 placed an upper limit on anthropogenic sources. Oxidation by the OH radical, as well as loss to the stratosphere by eddy diffusion and Hadley circulation, were presumed to be methane sinks. In spite of lack of data, this work correctly identified the major atmospheric sources and did... 

Surface freshwater ecosystems consist of wetlands (e.g., bogs, fens, marshes, swamps, prairie potholes, etc.), streams, lakes (and artificial reservoirs), and rivers. Surface freshwater ecosystems receive most of their Nr from their associated watersheds, from atmospheric deposition, and from BNF within the system. There is hmited potential for Nr to accumulate within surface-water ecosystems, because the residence time of Nr within surface waters, like the water itself, is very brief. Residence times may be relatively longer in the sediments associated with wetlands and some larger lakes but are still short when compared to terrestrial ecosystems or the oceans. 

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