Vertical Extent

As noted earlier, a supply chain consists of several members spread across many tiers. Each of the tiers consists of one or many business units (entities). Each of 

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A variety of methods and approaches have been developed over the past decade to address these issues. This chapter takes a look at these methods, and focuses on the occurrence, detection, monitoring, and overall characterization of the subsurface lateral and vertical extent of free-phase NAPLs. Problems and limitations associated with the measurement and determination of apparent vs. actual thickness, empirical and field methods, volume determinations, recoverability, and time frame for recovery are discussed. 

DNAPL once in the subsurface can occur in a variety of geologic scenarios making it difficult to fully assess the occurrences, as well as the lateral and vertical extent of the DNAPL (see Figure 5.2). DNAPL thickness when measured in a monitoring well, as with LNAPL, is not representative of the actual formation thickness. As with LNAPLs, the DNAPL thickness will be exaggerated as illustrated in Figure 6.9a. Limited laboratory studies have shown that the apparent DNAPL thickness is... 

Vertical extent of contamination Lithologic barriers Horizontal extent of contamination Volatility of contaminant Radius of sparge influence Optimal flow rates Vent/pressure balance Vapor levels... 

Complete delineation of the areal extent of LNAPL, and the horizontal and vertical extent of its respective dissolved constituents ... 

O2 levels of the waters feeding this upwelling area are likely to contribute to an expansion in the intensity and vertical extent of its hypoxic zone. An important consequence would be a loss of oxygenated habitat in the underlying shelf and slope ecosystems resulting in a widespread mortality of benthic species. 

Figure 3.12. Schematic electron occupancy of allowed energy bands for a metal (a), an insulator (b), and a semiconductor (c). The shaded areas indicate the regions filled with electrons. The vertical extent of the boxes indicates the energy regions allowed.

Soil texture and cadaver mass can affect the vertical extent of a CDI. For example, the CDI, as measured by soil moisture content, associated with an elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) cadaver (-1,629 kg) on sandy... 

Certainly it is the case that many representations are influenced by more than one form of similarity between concepts and spatial representations. Isotypes, for instance, are a form of bar graphs in which the bars are made of multiple icons of a commodity, such as barrels of oil (see Neurath, 1936, and Tversky, this volume). Within an isotype, the icons are a uniform size, and represent a uniform quantity. A bar composed of a large number of icons (relative to another bar) conveys more redundantly via at least two constraints. More oil barrows, for instance, communicate more oil via iconicity, and the greater vertical extent of the bar communicates more via the association between quantity and area. The interpretation of such a graphic could also be constrained by polarity, with the weighted continuum of big and small mapped to the continuum of more and less. 

For a system of polymer chains attached to an interface, the polymer concentration may be finite over a small portion of the penetration of EW. In this case varying penetration depth will not yield an accurate estimate of the polymer concentration profile. In addition, the distribution of the polymers on the interface may be inhomogeneous. Measurement of the angular distribution (at a fixed penetration depth) of the scattered light in a plane perpendicular to the interface yields information on the structure factor and hence on the vertical extent of the layer. Measurement of the angular distribution in the plane of the interface yields information on possible aggregation of the polymer chains. 

Approach mode descent from maximum vertical extent of airshed (e.g., the base of an elevated inversion) to ground. 

Climb-out mode lift-off to attainment of upper vertical extent of airshed. 

Heat flow data circumvent this problem, because they record the total amount of heat generated in a massif, including deep levels which have not been affected by late-stage surficial processes. They may even be used to estimate the vertical extent of leached rocks (Jaupart et al., 1981). 

The vertical extent of BrO layers was investigated by Anlauf et al. (1994) at Alert during the Polar Sunrise Experiment (PSE) 1992 with the help of a tethered balloon. They found large vertical extents of the ozone depletions and a strong link between O3 and potential temperature. Anlauf et al. (1994) report that ozone depletions at the Alert base camp were associated with thermally neutral boundary layers capped by elevated inversions at several-hundred-meter altitude (as shown by the potential temperature) which was also the upper limit of the ODE. More... 

Figure 1 Vertical biogeochemical zones in sediments. The top is the sediment-water interface. Processes on the left represent the use of various electron acceptors (respirations) during the degradation of organic matter. Plots on the right represent the chemical profiles most widely used to delineate the vertical extent of each zone. Rotating the figure 90° to the left shows the sequence of electron acceptors used over time (x-axis) if a sample of oxic sediment were enclosed and allowed to become anaerobic over time.

The S04 concentration in sediments affects S04 reduction only when concentrations are quite low. The reduction of SOl in marine sediments appears to be zero-order with respect to S04 to concentrations of 2 mM (Boudreau and Westrich, 1984 Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1974). In freshwaters, SO concentrations must be much lower before they limit SO reduction (Bak and Pfennig, 1991 Lovley and Klug, 1983b Sinke et al., 1992). Because freshwater contains very little sot compared to seawater, the importance of SO4 reduction in sediments increases in an estuary as the salinity increases (Capone and Kiene, 1988). Therefore, the vertical extent of the SO4 reduction zone increases substantially as more SO4 becomes available, while the metha-nogenic zone is pushed deeper into the sediment and its contribution to carbon mineralization decreases in importance. 

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