Main Fields of Application

The development of the low-expansion glass ceramics is a commercially very successful part of a much broader effort to understand nucleation and crystal growth phenomena, on the one hand, and to develop products based on the glass ceramic approach on the other hand. These fields have, therefore, been the topics of many conferences and the accompanying proceeding volumes [1.16-19] as well as of several books [1.20-23]. 

Product development mainly centered around the three product ideas cookware, range tops for kitchen stoves, and telescope mirror blanks. 

Since the development of the heat-resistant borosilicate kitchen ware, glass makers have longed to develop cookware which may be used in all household situations, i.e., which can be stored in the refrigerator, placed onto the hot 

Rapid developments also took place in two main directions in the design of telescope mirrors, which became lighter and larger. Schott participated in several development programmes investigating different approaches with respect to their feasibility. The outcome of these studies revealed that the preferred solutions are thin menisci which are supported by active actuators. These developments are highlighted by the present engagement of Schott in the production of thin menisci of more than 8 m in diameter and with 29 mm thickness. 

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The description of reactive intermediates, which are short-lived species, is the main field of application of quantum chemical model calculations, due to the fact that the intermediates are difficult to observe and characterize. For example, the influence of structure on the stability of various carbenium ions — which have been used as models of the cationic chain end — and the delocalization of the positive charge were treated on this basis. 

Micro Total Analysis Systems (pTAS) are chip-based micro-channel systems that serve for complete analytics. The word Total refers to the monolithic system character of the devices, integrating a multitude of miniature functional elements with minimal dead volumes. The main fields of application are related to biology, pharmacology, and analytical chemistry. Detailed applications of pTAS systems are given in Section 1.9.8. Recently, pTAS developments have strongly influenced the performance of organic syntheses by micro flow (see, e.g., [29]). By this, an overlap with the micro-reactor world was made, which probably will increase more and more. 

Applications Table 8.58 shows the main fields of application of inorganic mass spectrometry. Mass-spectrometric techniques find wide application in inorganic analysis, and are being used for the determination of elemental concentrations and of isotopic abundances for speciation and surface characterisation for imaging and depth profiling. Solid-state mass spectrometry is usable as a quantitative method only after calibration by standard samples. 

The main fields of application for this battery chemistry include portable TVs, radio receivers, lamps, flashlights, electric shavers, barrier lightning, instruments, batteries for portable rechargers, emergency power supplies, small refrigerators, power sources for tourists, hunters, geologists, shepherds and so on. Parameters of some batteries, assembled from the modules, are summarized in Table 4. 

Two main fields of application have been explored fine chemistry/ pharmacy (Hessel et al. 2004a) and fuel processing (Hessel et al. 2005d). A few investigations target manufacture of bulk chemicals or intermediates. In addition, the production of smart and functional materials is the focus, such as pigments (Wille et al. 2004), encapsulated delivery... 

The main field of application for P.R.48 1 is in printing inks and plastics. In order to enhance the transparency in print and to reduce the strong tendency of the prints to bronze, pigments that are targeted for use in printing inks are frequently supplied in resinated form. 

East Asia is the only part of the world where P.R.58 2, a calcium lake, continues to be used. The pigment affords bluish red shades, somewhere between those of P.R.53 1 and 57 1. Its main field of application is in printing inks, where its lightfastness equals that of P.R.57 1 the two pigments also exhibit similar tinctorial strength. 

In terms of stability to organic solvents, P.Br.23 performs like other red pigments within its class. It is thus somewhat inferior to the yellow products. Regarding fastness to various ketones, esters, and alcohols, as well as to dioctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, P.Br.23 equals step 3 1 and step 4, respectively, on the 5 step scale. P.Br.23 is broad in scope, but its main field of application is in plastics. 

P.Y.138 type quinophthalone pigments afford exceedingly lightfast and weather-fast greenish yellow shades with good heat stability. Their main fields of application are in paints and in plastics. 

Its main field of application is in plastics. 1/3 SD HDPE samples, both transparent and opaque, withstand exposure to 300°C for 5 minutes, while 1/25 SD specimens are heat stable up to 250°C. Temperatures in excess of this value shift the shade towards more yellowish hues. P.O.64 does not have a nucleating effect on its medium, i.e., it does not affect the shrinkage of partially crystalline injection-molded polymers. 

The two main fields of application in the CFF group in Lyngby are saccharides and coordination compounds. Here we shall mention only the saccharide work. The first attempts to calculate saccharide equilibrium structures were made by use of two PEFs developed by trial-and-error, PEF300 (7-8 without and PEF400 (9-10) with charges. In spite of this, good results were obtained, both for structures of glucose and for the thermodynamic equilibrium between the anomers. 

The main field of applications of hydrogen and alkali sulfides is reduction of nitrogen functions in nitro compounds [236, 240], nitroso compounds... 

The two main fields of application of conformational analysis concern the... 

The main fields of application for directed crystallization as a purification (separation) technology are organic-chemical separation and purification (2), fruit juice or liquid food concentration (3.4, waste water treatment (1) ... 

The main fields of application are in mirror coatings [5.77], [5.125], electrodeposition coatings, and primers (see Table 39). 

For small flow-rates devices using the heat transfer rate of a fluid are approved. These devices cover a pressure range of up to 1000 bar. A main field of application is in small scale plants. The minimum flow-rates are in the range of only some millilitres per hour. 

Quinophthalones. The quinophthalone pigments are prepared by condensation of quinaldincs with a variety of aromatic anhydrides. One pigment in this series, Pigment Yellow 138, is a reasonably weatherfast greenish yellow pigment of good heat stability. The main field of application is paints and plastics. 

Component Contents, weight proportions Curing temperature, °C Type Main fields of application... 

Fat- and oil-soluble dyes are used on a large scale in a wide variety of industrial sectors. The main fields of application are the coloration of products in the mineral oil and plastics industries, as well as of wax products (e.g., candles, shoe polishes, floor polishes). 

The concentric separation-layer micro mixer is constructed as an assembly of stacked plates for feed supply with three tubes, performing lamination for mixing, set into one another (see Figure 1.116) [39, 53, 136-138] (see also [135]). The tubes are inserted into a frit. The three feed lines are each connected to a tube. In this way, a tri-layered concentric fluidic system is achieved. Besides mixing three solutions, a major application for the device is to separate the two fluids to be mixed by a separation layer, usually being the solvent of the two solutions. This is to delay the mixing process in order to avoid unwanted fouling problems at the mixer outlet This is particularly valuable for spontaneous precipitation reactions which are the main field of application of the mixer. 

FIGURE 1 Scheme of the new discipline of Foodomics including the main tools employed and the main fields of application. Reproduced from Ref. (1). 

The application of indirect methods in biomedical analysis has been reviewed by Schill and Arvidsson.23 Reversed-phase HPLC is the main field of application for indirect detection, and both charged and uncharged species can be visualized, although sensitivity is better for ionic solutes. With indirect UV detection for reversed-phase HPLC, the eluent contains a chromophoric group (probe), and peaks are obtained for injected solutes as well as for the mobile phase additives (system peaks). For solutes that... 

Infrared frequencies are characteristic for certain bonds in molecules and they can often be used to identify chemisorbed species on surfaces. Investigation of adsorbed species in relation to their behaviour in catalytic reactions is the main field of application for infrared spectroscopy, but falls outside the scope of this chapter. However, infrared spectra of adsorbates can sometimes also be used to recognize sites on the surface of a catalyst, as the following two examples show. 

The main field of application of oil immersion - o is the explosion protection of Group II transformers in the high power range (up to some 1000 kVA). The terminal compartments often comply with increased safety -e or plug and socket connectors (in e ) are used in the high voltage range (see Section 6.7). 

The main fields of application of heavy ions are synthesis of new elements (superheavy elements), production of nuclides far away from the line of ji stability (exotic nuclides), investigation of nuclear matter at high densities, production of small holes of certain diameters in thin foils and irradiation of tumours in medicine. 

To be brief, higher alkylated, methoxy functional siloxanes are used mostly for the protection of masonry. Low molecular silanes give a good penetration depth. The main field of application is the impregnation of alkaline, poorly absorbing, still-wet materials. 

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