Surface characterisation

Kurosaki and T. Miki (eds.). Practical Polymer Surface Analysis, Kohdansha Scientific, Tokyo (2001). 

Practical Guide to Surface Science and Spectroscopy, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2001). 

Milling (ed.). Surface Characterization Methods. Principles, Techniques and Applications, M. Dekker, New York, NY (1999). 

Czanderna, C.J. Powell and T.E. Madey, Specimen Handling, Preparation, and Treatments in Surface Characterization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1999). 

Garbassi, M. Morra and E. Occhiello, Polymer Surfaces. From Physics to Technology, J. Wiley Sons, Chichester (1998). 

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Sacher E (1988) The determination of the surface tensions of solid films. In Ratner BD (ed) Surface characterisation of biomaterials, Elsevier, Amsterdam... 

C. Vericat, M. E. Vela, G. A. Benitez, J. A. M. Gago, X. Torrelles and R. C. Salvarezza, Surface characterisation of sulfur and alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(lll), J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2006, 18, R867. 

CB. Bertrand and Weng [47] have reported CB surface characterisation by ToF-SIMS and XPS. The sensitivity of the former (ToF-SIMS) is much higher than that of the latter (XPS) but quantification is much better with XPS. 

Applications Table 8.58 shows the main fields of application of inorganic mass spectrometry. Mass-spectrometric techniques find wide application in inorganic analysis, and are being used for the determination of elemental concentrations and of isotopic abundances for speciation and surface characterisation for imaging and depth profiling. Solid-state mass spectrometry is usable as a quantitative method only after calibration by standard samples. 

Surface characterisation methods, both elemental (e.g. XPS, AES) and molecular (e.g. ToF-SIMS), are gaining in importance, in view of the active development of surface-modification technology to render fillers of all types more acceptable to the matrix and improve... 

Strijckmans, K. (1997) Charged particle activation analysis. In Surface Characterisation A Practical Approach, Hellborg, R., Brune, D., Eds., Scandinavian Scientific Press VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 

CPAA measures the characteristic decay radiation of the radionuclides produced by the incident charged particles. The technique has been widely applied in the determination of trace elements concentrations in bulk samples, but it also has possibilities for surface characterisation, provided the thickness of the layer to be characterised is less than the range of the charged particles employed. 

The main advantages of CPAA as a surface characterisation method are that it requires no sample preparation, its high accuracy and its low detection limits. It is an independent method, because no standard samples calibrated by other methods are needed, so that its value may lie in its ability to calibrate standard samples for other, more routine analytical methods. 

Presently the effective role of sulphur additive is not well explained because sometimes activation or deactivation phenomena are observed. Such a versatile behaviour is well-illustrated over noble metal-based catalysts particularly when they are dispersed on perovskite supports [111]. The catalytic performances of a prereduced Pt/LaCo03 in H2 at 450°C are illustrated in Figure 10.13a. After preactivation in H2 subsequent bulk and surface characterisation highlighted an extensive reduction of the perovskite... 

Moyes RB, Walker DW, Wells PB, Whan DA, Irvine EA (1992) In Dines TJ, Rochester CH, Thomson J (eds) Catalysis and surface characterisation (special publication), vol 114. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 207... 

Penn L.S., Bystry F A. and Marchionni H.3. (1983). Relation of interfacial adhesion in Kevlar/epoxy systems to surface characterisation and composite performance. Polym. Composites 4, 26. 

The most versatile surface characterisation methods are based on gas or vapour sorption and these techniques can provide physico-chemical information such as enthalpies, surface energies and diffusion constants but also surface area and pore size distributions. 

A.M. Oliveira Brett and A.-M. Chiorcea, Effect of pH and applied potential on the adsorption of DNA on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes. Atomic force microscopy surface characterisation, Electrochem. Co-mmun., 5 (2003) 178-183. 

Lately one has been able to encounter experimental studies more frequently denoted Chemical Force Microscopy , CMF. This includes various attempts to observe tip-surface interactions which are specific to the chemical constitution of the surface. Mostly, CFM involves modification of the tip by a surface layer with molecules which contain particular functional groups, i.e. hydrophilic or hydro-phobic moieties, hydrogen bonding groups, ionic substituents and molecular units which can undergo electron-donor-acceptor interactions. However, sometimes the term Chemical Force Microscopy is just used for any method which can provide a material specific contrast. Depending on the specificity, CFM provides valuable information on the nanoscale composition complementary to other surface characterisation methods which are sensitive to the chemical con-... 

Static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS) is another surface selective technique for surface characterisation [262, 263, 264]. The information obtained from SSIMS is complementary to XPS because SSIMS can differentiate those polymers that give very similar XPS spectra. Moreover, it offers more surface selectivity than XPS. The typical sampling depth of SSIMS is approximately 1 nm. This method has sensitivity, sufficient to detect amounts less than a monomolecular layer, particularly when a high resolution time-of-flight (ToF) mass analyser is used [265]. 

V Surface Characterisation, A quantitative analysis of the amounts of PAA associated with the latices was obtained by conductometric titration and a qualitative analysis of its behaviour by potentiometric titration. Titrations were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere using a Radiometer Autoburette system and a M64 pH meter together with a Wayne Kerr B642 Bridge. 

In concentrated systems obtained in a thin uniform shape, the simplest way to record X-ray absorption data is the transmission mode in which the incident and transmitted photons are directly measured by means of ionisation chambers. However, in dilute systems or for surface characterisations, data are usually recorded using secondary effects resulting from the creation of the core hole during the absorption process and from its subsequent relaxation by radiative or non-radiative decays. These processes are the X-ray fluorescence emission and the total electron yield (TEY) emission, respectively. In these detection modes, the linear absorption coefficient is proportional to the ratio of the fluorescence or TEY intensity to... 

Vrolijk, N.H., Targett, N.M., Baier, R.E., and Meyer, A.E., Surface characterisation of two gorgonian coral species implications for natural antifouling defense, Biofouling, 2, 39, 1990. 

The efficiencies of various metals for the recombination of H atoms are given in Table 8. In all cases, the recombination is first-order and the activation energy is less than 5 kJ mole 1. The fact that the state of anneal of the metal can alter 7 by a factor of ten [14] suggests that the reaction may occur on minority sites, rather than on a well-defined surface characterised by the intrinsic properties of the metal. This is certainly the explanation for the wide range of values reported for palladium. The extent of diffusion of H atoms into the bulk is also a complicating factor, making 7 dependent on the time of exposure to H atoms for palladium, this effect can be so gross as to result in distortion of the sample. 

Malpass, G. R. P., Neves, R. S. and Motheo, A. J. (2006) A comparative study of commercial and laboratory-made Ti/Ruo.iTio.yOj DSA electrodes In situ and ex situ surface characterisation and organic oxidation activity. Electrochim. Acta 52, 936-944. 

Weber C, Coester C, Kreuter J, Langer K (2000) Desolvation process and surface characterisation of protein nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 194 91-102... 

Seitavuopio, P., Rantanen, J., and Yliruusi, J. (2003), Tablet surface characterisation by various imaging techniques, Int. J. Pharm., 254,281-286. 

A study has been carried out on the interactions of blood with plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) biomaterials in a tubular form. The influence of different factors such as the biomaterial, antithrombotic agent, blood condition and the nature of the application is represented when considering the blood response in the clinical utilisation of the plasticised PVC. The PVC was plasticised with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TEHTM)and in-vitro and ex-vivo procedures used to study the biomaterial with respect to the selection of the plasticiser. The blood response was measured in terms of the measurement of fibrinogen adsorption capacity, thrombin-antithrombin III complex and the complement component C3a. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for surface characterisation of the polymers and the data obtained indicated that in comparison with DEHP-PVC, there is a higher reactivity... 

McGrath J, Davis C. Polishing pad surface characterisation in chemical mechanical planarisation. J Mater Process Techno 2004 153-154(10) 666-673. 

Preparation And Surface Characterisation Of Novel Ceria-Copper And Ceria-Manganese Mixed Oxides... 

FIGURE 10.11 lUPAC classification of physisorption isotherms. (Following Schoofs, T., Surface area analysis of finely divided and porous solids by gas adsorption measurements, in Particle and Surface Characterisation Methods, R.H. Muller and W. Mehnert, Eds., Medpharm GmbH Scientific, Stuttgart, 1997.)... 

Thorough colloidal/surface characterisation is fundamental to the success of research on polymer colloids. A wide range of complementary techniques are available for colloidal/surface characterisation of polymer colloids and access to several is necessary since no single technique can provide full characterisation. There is an ongoing need for experimental and theoretical work on improvements to existing methods and on development of new techniques to support the needs of research. Additionally, the necessary improvements in process modelling will naturally lead to a demand for advances in on-line analysis to support feedback loops for process control and manufacturing. Thus, further developments in on-line methods for measurement of particle... 

For a surface characterised by ki=-K2, the Gaussian curvature is simply related to the normal curvature and geodesic torsion ... 

The general features of the Bonnet transformation can be seen in the simplest example, namely the isometry between the catenoid and the helicoid (Fig. 1.19). Under the action of the transformation, each point on the surface traces an ellipse in space, centred at the origin. If the Cartesian coordinates of identical points on adjoint surfaces are (x,y,z) and (x",y",z"), the coordinates of an associate surface, characterised by a Bonnet angle of 0 are ... 

D A. Creaser, P.G. Harrison, B.A. Wolfindale, K.C. Waugh and M.A. Morris, in Understanding Catalysts Catalysis and Surface Characterisation , Royal Society of Chemistry, in the Press... 

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