Magnifications

sophisticated, and expensive analytical laboratory instruments, and what 

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The divergent shape of the beam provides facilities for magnification in the distances of the source to detector and of the sources to the axis of rotation, which used in conjunction with a microfocus x-ray source opens the way to high resolution. 

A major advantage of radioscopy is the flexible inspection perspective that allows an optimum adjustment of beam direction and geometrical magnification to the inspection task at hand it also permits in-motion testing. 

The advantages of this approach for part 3 of the standard lie in the fact that no specifications on geometrical magnifications need to be made since these parameters implicitly result from the demanded IQI detectability. Furthermore, the standard is open to additional applications. All that is needed is to the definition of the respective equipment class and a specification on the respective IQI sensitivities. 

This type of magnification doesn t increase the amount of information treasured in the image. 

Additional limiting factor is the unsharpness resulted fi om the X-ray source size, [6] The unsharpness (Ug), in terms of the source size (f)and geometrical magnification (M), is given... 

Obviously, for most applications, the unsharpness associated with M > 1.5, is unacceptable. With a microfocus X-rays system (/of about 8 pm) a magnification of up to 200 might be of use. 

High geometrical magnifications are attainable using a microfocus X-ray source. The capacity and speed of the computing system limits at present the size of the examined objeet volumes. 

In this section results will be presented using test samples to determine the accuracy of our approach. Further on an example is shown using the system to analyse casting defects. For the experiments moderate projective magnifications between 1.1 and 1.4 were chosen. The test samples used to determine the accuracy of calibration, 3D defect position and volume estimation consist of several holes representing internal defects of different but known size and shape. 

The recorded digital image is processed by a PC computer. Typical operations are image magnification, contrast stretcliing and false colouring, image substraction or addition, determination and evaluation of profiles. 

The detection of the profile edges gives the projected wall thickness in pixels of the image data. The next step of data processing is the compensation of the magnification factor in the used tangential projection method. 

To consider the geometrical magnification of the pipe image on film or IP in the tangential exposure technique according to the set-up shown in fig. 4 a correction of the measured wall thickness (w ) must be performed. The true wall thickness (w) depends in a rather complicated way on the film-focus-distance (f), the radius of the pipe (r) and the radius of the insulation (R) as shown in equation 2 ... 

Fig.4 Geometrical magnification effect inherent to the tangential exposure technique...

This makes it possible to reach a high magnification of details. The magnification can amount up to 100 1. The factor of magnification V of an object amounts, with the values shown in figure 2, according to equation 2 to ... 

Equations 1 and 2 shows that the distance b between the radiation source and the object has big influence on the X-ray image [8]. Therefore you have to find a compromise between a small geometrical unsharpness and a sufficient high magnification to archive an optimal... 

As object we used a polished diamond oriented with its flat table vertically. Figure 4 shows a radiograph taken with the table plane parallel to the X-ray beam. The magnification is about 50 times. The inset shows the contrast along an horizontal trace, which is also indicated. 

The manipulator is equipped with a vertical movement to utilize the in-built magnification facilities that come with the image intensifier based imaging system to assist in inspecting and classifying a block. 

As the dimensions of the speckle grain on the detectors is about 1,7 im, 4 times lesser than the pixel dimensions (for D = 350 mm illuminated area = 6,3mm x 2 mm magnification CCD = 0,05), the halo results not very clear. 

The above recipe can be repeated indefinitely, and the mathematical result would be what is called a self-similar profile. That is, successive magnifications of a section (in this case by factors of 3) would give magnified jagged lines which could be superimposed exactly on the original one. In this limit, one finds for this case that... 

Figure XVI-1 and the related discussion first appeared in 1960 [1], and since then a very useful mathematical approach to irregular surfaces has been applied to the matter of surface area measurement. Figure XVI-1 suggests that a coastline might appear similar under successive magnifications, and one now proceeds to assume that this similarity is exact. The result, as discussed in Section VII-4C and illustrated in Fig. VII-6, is a self-similar line, or in the present case, a self-similar surface. Equation VII-21 now applies and may be written in the form...

Calculate the magnification factor in Fig. XVIII-3. Assuming the scanning tip to be 2 A wide and the tip force to be 3 nN, calculate the pressure exerted on the DNA strand. 

Figure Bl.17.8. Iron oxide particles coated with 4 nm of Pt in an m-planar magnetron sputter coater (Hennann and Mtiller 1991). Micrographs were taken in a Hitachi S-900 in-lens field emission SEM at 30,000 primary magnification and an acceleration voltage of 30 kV. Image width is 2163 nm.

The magnification achievable by a microscope is the ratio of the scales of the virtual image and of... 

The magnification is rather chosen to be about 500 to 1000 where is the numerical aperture of the objective (see the next section) The eyepiece is then necessary to magnify the real image so that it can conveniently be inspected. 

Figure C2.17.5. Transmission electron micrograph of a field of anisotropic gold nanocrystals. In tliis example, a lower magnification image of gold nanocrystals reveals tlieir anisotropic shapes and faceted surfaces [36],...

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