Difference patterns magnification

Figure 4. Snapshots of EC patterns slightly above onset for case A taken in a polarizing microscope with a single polarizer (shadowgraph images. Phase 5,d = 9/rm). a Ohliqne rolls, b normal roUs, c dielectric rolls (Note the difference in magnification.). The initial director orientation is horizontal. The contrast was enhanced by digital processing.

Optical interferometry can be used to measure surface features without contact. Light reflected from the surface of interest interferes with light from an optically flat reference surface. Deviations in the fnnge pattern produced by the interference are related to differences in surface height. The interferometer can be moved to quantify the deviations. Lateral resolution is determined by the resolution of the magnification optics. If an imaging array is used, three-dimensional (3D) information can be provided. 

Patterns of this third class in fact demonstrate a complex form of scale-invariance by their self-similarity, in the infinite time limit, different magnifications observed at the same resolution are indistinguishable. The pattern generated by rule R90, for example, matches that of the successive lines in Pascal s triangle ai t) is given by the coefficient of in the expansion of (1 - - xY modulo-tv/o (see figure 3.2). 

Figure 13.2 Fluorescence micrographs of DOPC multi-layer patterns fabricated by dip-pen nanolithography, (a) An array of 25 contiguous line features. Red color is from doped rhodamine-labeled lipid, (b) A higher magnification of the region highlighted by the white square in (a), (c) Two-component patterns containing two different dyes. Green color is from doped NBD-labeled lipid.

Fig. 12.7. Scanning electron microscopy reveals details of hair fibers. Normal hairs from an adult C57BL/6J examined as a whole mount (A) illustrates density of mouse hairs and the nature of the normal skin surface. Manually plucked hairs illustrate the structural differences between some of the hair fiber types (B). Higher magnification of boxed area in B reveals the regular cuticular scale patterns on these hair fibers (C). These approaches illustrate details of hair fiber structure and density (80).

Figure 8 Schematic of the fabrication of hierarchical ordered oxides (a) (Reprinted from Ref. 179, 2001, with permission from Elsevier) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (b, c, d), at different magnifications, of hierarchical ordered mesoporons sdica display a high-quality surface pattern ( 1000nm), which is made up of a macroporous ( 100nm) framework of cubic mesoporous silica ( 11 run), as shown in TEM image (e). (Reprinted with permission from P. Yang et al., Science, 1998, 282, 2244)...

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