Defects, internal

Feiste, K.L. Stegemann, D. Reimehe, W. Three dimensional analysis of growing casting defects. International Symposium on Computerized Tomography for Industrial Applieatlons, 8.10. Junl 1994, Berlin... 

Fig. 4 a IR spectra, in the OH stretching region, of from top to bottom, TS-1 samples (full line spectra) with increasing Ti content, from 0 (silicalite-1, dashed spectrum) to 2.64 atoms per imit cell. All samples have been activated at 120 °C. Adapted from [24] with permission. Copyright (2001) by the ACS. b Schematic representation of the preferential location of Ti atoms and Si vacancies in the MFI framework (upper part) and their interplay (lower part). Yellow and red sticks represents Si and O of the regular MFI lattice blue balls refer to Ti, and red and white balls to O and H of defective internal OH groups... 

Four classes of LDL receptor mutations have been identified. Class 1 mutations are characterized by the failure of expression of the receptor protein. It is possible, however, that a modified protein is produced but it is not recognized as an LDL receptor protein. Class 2 mutations involve a nonsense mutation (premature termination of protein synthesis Chap. 17), and result in a defect in the transfer of the receptor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membranes. This class of mutation is common in Afrikaners and Lebanese. The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL) is an animal model which has a Class 2 defect and has been used extensively for the study of familial hypercholesterolemia. Class 3 mutations result in abnormal binding of LDL. This can be caused by alterations in the amino acid sequence of Domain 1. Class 4 mutations are those with defective internalization due to the receptor s inability to be located in coated pits. This is the result of mutations in the fifth, C-terminal domain. 

The framework IR spectra of metallosilicates reveal a band at -960-970 cm, the band being attributed to Si-O vibrations of defect (internal) silanol groups associated with the metal locations in the framework [18]. As a consequence, the presence of the band is generally used as an evidence for the presence of the metal in lattice positions associated with defect sites [6,7]. The framework IR spectra of the calcined samples A and B are presented in Fig. 3. The spectrum of B has a band at 967 cm" and not that of A suggesting the absence of defect silanols and, presumably, the absence of vanadium in the framework positions in the latter sample. 

Fig. 10.22 Damage progression in the spinel/polycarbonate laminate with 4 % elliptical defects internally inserted along the center line of the spinel after different time durations a 16 ps, b 30.37 ps, c 32 ps and d 52 ps. The damage progression appeared to grow at the sharp edges of the defects until the ceramic was completely failed. Note that the damage did not penetrate the void areas, but was initiated at the boundaries. Reproduced with permission from [166]. Copyright 2009, Elsevier...

Dupoirieux, L., Pourquier, D., Picot, MC., Neves, M. 2001. Comparative study of three different membranes for guided bone regeneration of rat cranial defects. International Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 30 58-62. 

With complex multilayer product, optical inspection will not be able to identify assem-bly/contamination-induced defects internal to the board in any case, and may still be limited in cases of contaminants or very fine-geometry shorts and opens on external layers. The equipment is somewhat slower than universal grid test systems, particularly when run at very high resolution. For such reasons, it is still not common practice to employ optical inspection (by itself) as a substitute for electrical testing. This may be a method that develops further in the future or that finds acceptance in special circumstances. 

Defects. Internal bubbles and stones must be no larger than 0.1 mm surface scratches and stains must be invisible under 1.5 to 10 klux illumination, depending on the quality of... 

The stay in a reactor, materials can undergo various changes (phase precipitations and dissolution, occurrence of irradiation defects, internal and external corrosion, etc.) likely to reduce the cladding resistance to nitric acid corrosion. 

The defects, internal stresses, and composition of the heat-tint oxide make it a poor barrier to any corrosive media that might initiate localized corrosion in the chromium-depleted layer of base metal. 

Axisymmetric corrosion defect Internal repair liner... 

The internal kiln surface can contain up to six empty defect zones or zones with thermal physical characteristics different from those of material layers. The initial data are taken from a text file, prepared by any editor in the format MS-DOS. The obtained values of temperatures are written into an output file in the format MS-DOS for subsequent processing with visualization programs. 

As it is shown in Fig.3 coincidence of curves is rather good. A calculated curve shows a clearly defined defect in on internal coating of a kiln. 

The 3D positions of internal defects are calculated with a stereoscopic approach supporting arbitrary sample manipulations using an arbitrary number of views. The volumes of the defects are calculated using intensity evaluation. 

If there is an internal defect, the image intensity is increased depending on the defect extension in beam direction. 

In this section results will be presented using test samples to determine the accuracy of our approach. Further on an example is shown using the system to analyse casting defects. For the experiments moderate projective magnifications between 1.1 and 1.4 were chosen. The test samples used to determine the accuracy of calibration, 3D defect position and volume estimation consist of several holes representing internal defects of different but known size and shape. 

Speckle shearing interferometry, or shearography, is a full field optical inspection teclmique that may be used for the nondestructive detection of surface and, sometimes, subsurface defects. Whilst being more sensitive in the detection of surface defects, it may also be considered for pipe inspection and the monitoring of internal conoslon. In contrast, laser ultrasound and other forms of ultrasound, are point by point measurement techniques, so that scanning facilities and significant data processing is required before information on local defects is extracted from any examination of extensive areas [1 - 3]. 

Hillger, W. Ultrasonic Imaging of Defects in CFRP-Laminates, Acustical Imaging, Proceedings of the IP International Symposium, Volume 19, pp. 575 - 579, Plenum Press, New York and London. 

Fig.l, Change of the reflected signal with scanning of a sample as parallelepiped with internal apertures. 1 - sample Ks 1 2 - sample iNs 2 3 -difference of the reflected signals 4 - difference of the reflected signals after mathematical processing. The area from 12 up to 14 corresponds to an additional aperture (defect). 

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