Microscope, magnification

Figure 2 (Left) Microscopic magnification (X46,500) of mucosal surface (S) associated with intestinal microvilli (V). (Right) Schematic of the microvilli illustrating the cytoskele-ton elements including junctional complexes. (From Ref. 76.)... 

The results appear to be unduly high owing to the effect of very small measurement, which with increased microscope magnification produces a systematic error in the impression diagonal. 

Fig. 1 Comparisons of the excess viscosity measurements y (%) obtained from bulk phase seawater samples after removing all the visible colonies from the water samples with a Pasteur pipette under a dissecting microscope (magnification x 100), i Pasteur> and after carefully screening the water samples through a 200 pm mesh (J72oo/im) before doing the measurements. A modified t-test (Zar 1996) did not exhibit a significant difference between our measurements and the theoretical expectation J7Pasteur = y2Q0flm (P > 0.05, N = 100)...

Calcium sulphate dihydrate (microscope) test This is an excellent confirmatory test for calcium in Group IV it involves the use of a microscope (magnification about 110 x). The salts should preferably be present as nitrates. 

Calcium is readily identified by precipitation as CaC204, followed by the flame test (best observed through a spectroscope). It may also be converted into CaS04.2H20, and the characteristic crystals examined in a microscope -magnification of about 100 diameters. 

Alternatively - Place a drop or two of solution D on a glass slide, and add a drop of two of dilute H2S04. Concentrate by pladng the slide on a small crudble and warm until crystallization just commences. Examine the crystals in a microscope (magnification, c. 100 x ). 

Place a drop of the concentrated test solution on a microscope slide. Introduce a few minute specks of sodium or ammonium carbonate. Some lithium carbonate crystals are formed immediately. Examine under the microscope (magnification 200 diameters) the crystals are in the form of either hexagonal stars or plates (compare CaS04.2H20, Section III.33, reaction 10). 

Carothers (du Pont) synthesizes the first aliphatic polyesters, establishes the principles of step-growth polymerization, and develops nylon 6,6 Julius Nieuwland develops the synthetic mbber called neoprene Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) is synthesized Hans von Chain and Sir Frank Whittle file patents for the jet engine Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are invented by Allen B. Du Mont Ernest Ruska discovers the electron microscope magnification of 12,000 X... 

The most common method is direct photography [202-205]. The method is simple, easy and accurate and covers a wide size range, controlled by microscope magnification, from a lower limit of 1 pm. The technique is only suitable for low concentration systems, particularly in the case of high opacity continuous phases. The procedure requires many pictures and lengthy analysis times. Direct image analysis of the data has met with limited success. 

FIG. 12.7 DHTDMAC dispersion viewed with an optical microscope (magnification x800). Left under polarized light, Maltese crosses show the presence of multilamellar vesicles. Right the same under nonpolarized light. 

NaOH and 1% NaCl (Caustic System). The process of emulsification was observed through the Nikon LKe Interference Phase Microscope (magnifications of 400 and 1,000). The action was captured by high speed cine-photomicrography (64 frames/second) for the caustic system and normal speed (24 frames/second) for the sulfonate system. 

Checking. Prior to the experiment, electron microscope (magnification about 180x) is used to check whether steel pin is in good condition, and whether cone angle is 90°. 

Alternatively, a vast amount of three-dimensional structural information is readily available without investing in tomographic reconstructions by making stereopair electron micrographs. The appreciation of spatial relationships is greatly improved using this approach. For chromatin fibers, 100-nm-thick sections recorded at a microscope magnification of 40,000 x as tilt pairs separated by 25° ( 12.5°) provide very informative views of fiber conformation and inter-nucleosomal relationships. 

Fig. 8. Oil distribution on a test plate of 2 mm thickness (cured for 5 min at 165 °C), after five clays conditioning at room temperature (left to right Elastosil LR 3080/50, LR 3081/50 and LR 3082/50, manufacturer Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Munich) as seen under a photoelectron microscope (magnification x 50).

---