Transverse magnification

But in practice no ion emitting point (A ) exists, because mass spectrometers use slit systems (entrance and exit slits) of finite width (b and b", respectively), and so parameters b and b" are introduced to describe the defined object and image widths of the entrance and exit slits (A and A"), respectively. The ratio b"/b is defined as the so-called transverse magnification Gm of a homogeneous magnetic sector field ... 

Furthermore, both ratios and x(zi)/Xo and y(zi)/yo are equal to the constant g(zi), which means that any pattern of points in z = Zo will be reproduced faithfully in the image plane, magnified by this factor g(zi), which is hence known as the (transverse) magnification and denoted by M. 

Fig. 6 (A) Scanning electron micrograph of the luminal surface of the large intestine (transverse colon magnification x 60). (From Ref. 9.) (B) Schematic diagram showing a longitudinal cross section of the large intestine. (C) Enlargement of cross section shown in B. (A and B modified from Ref. 10.)...

A solution of brain lipids was brushed across a small hole in a 5-ml. polyethylene pH cup immersed in an electrolyte solution. As observed under low power magnification, the thick lipid film initially formed exhibited intense interference colors. Finally, after thinning, black spots of poor reflectivity suddenly appeared in the film. The black spots grew rapidly and evenutally extended to the limit of the opening (5, 10). The black membranes have a thickness ranging from 60-90 A. under the electron microscope. Optical and electrical capacitance measurements have also demonstrated that the membrane, when in the final black state, corresponds closely to a bimolecular leaflet structure. Hence, these membranous structures are known as bimolecular, black, or bilayer lipid membranes (abbreviated as BLM). The transverse electrical and transport properties of BLM have been studied usually by forming such a structure interposed between two aqueous phases (10, 17). 

The uncertainty principle causes a spread of the transversal velocity of the photoion, Av - h/2M Ax its coordinate is accurately determined to be Ax, where M is the mass of the photoion. This spread, Aux, results in a circle of ion scattering on the screen with a diameter d = 2t Ax, where r is the flight time of the particle from the tip to the screen and R is the distance between the tip and screen. On the other hand, the circle of scattering on the screen, d, is also related to the indeterminacy of the coordinate at the point of detachment Ax(Ax = d/K), where K = R/r is the projector magnification coefficient. 

Figure 20-8 (A) Electron micrograph showing a transverse section through part of the Golgi apparatus of an early spermatid. Cistemae of the ER, Golgi stacks (S), and vesicles (V) can be seen. Curved arrows point to associated tubules. Magnification X45/000.276 Courtesy of Y. Clermont. (B) Scheme showing functions of endoplasmic reticulum, transfer vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and secretion vesicles in the metabolism of glycoproteins.

This process (using one of the modes previously described) was applied to a set of 3 to 12 different selected areas on the transverse section of one fiber. The photographic series is a completed record of the whole fiber cross-section at an adequate magnification. On the latter micrograph the irradiated areas can be seen because of their lesser electron density in bright field conditions. In some cases, these irradiated areas could also be seen under dark field conditions. 

Figure 1. Scanning electron micrograph of (a) isotropic PE foam at a x20 magnification (b,c) transverse sections of PLA foam at a xlO (b) and xlOO (c) magnification (d) longitudinal section of PLA foam at a xlOO magnification, (e-h) Extraction of ultramacropores (e, f), macropores (g) and pore orientations (h) of PE (e) and PLA (f-h) foams.

Figure 1.1. The transverse and tangential-longitudinal faces of the softwood European larch, Larix decidua. The wood comprises longitudinal tracheids forming the axial system of cells, and radial parenchyma mostly in uniseriate rays. Axial and ray canals are also present. Magnification X 125.

Fig. 8-30 Single Laue spots obtained by the Guinier-Tennevin method on a film placed at the focusing position Fof Fig. 8-29(a). Spots (a), (b), and (c) are from the transverse planes of a quartz crystal plate, 37 x 13 x 0.5 mm (a) unstrained, magnification 2X, (b) elastically bent, 2X, (c) elastically twisted, 5X. Spot (d) is from an aluminum crystal after plastic deformation, 4X. Julien et al. [8.12-8.14].

Fig. 2. Transverse section of fish white muscle showing bChn s (1940) primary fibers. Adductor superficialis of Leuciscus rulilus L. Magnification 700 X (after BUHN, 1940).

Fig. 3. Transverse sections of fish red muscle showing buhn s (1940) secondary fibers. Left Musculus lateralis superficialis Trunei of catfish (Ameivrus nebulosvs L.). Magnification X1400 (after barets, 1952). Right pectoral fin muscle of stickleback (Gaslerosleus aruleatus I/.). Magnification X666 (after maser, 1950).

Fig. 1. Organization of filaments in smooth muscle cells. A. Vas deferens smooth muscle cell shown in transverse section. Thick filaments are surrounded by multiple thin filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Dense bodies ("db ) are round or oval in shape in transverse section but elongated in shape in oblique sections. Arrow point to intermediate filaments (10 nm) that surround the dense bodies. B. Longitudinal section of portal anterior mesenteric vein smooth muscle cell. Thin filaments (arrows) can be seen inserting on both sides of the dense bodies (db). Intermediate filaments (arrowheads) extend laterally from dense bodies and sometimes connect a series of dense bodies to form a chain. Magnification x 70,000. Reproduced from Bond and Somlyo (1982) The Journal of Cell Biology 95 403-413 with permission of Rockefeller University Press...

---