Magnesium sodium chloride

Two stations, Svratouch and Kosetice, are the Czech contribution to the EMEP monitoring network. They work on a full programme of measurements for precipitation (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, conductivity, pH), air (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, ammonia, ozone, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, sum of nitric acid and nitrate, sum of ammonia and ammonium). 

Magnesium and magnesium Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium nitrate (NaNOs), mixed electrolyte. 

An indirect estimate of surface tension may be obtained from the change in lattice parameters of small crystals such as magnesium oxide and sodium chloride owing to surface tensional compression [121] however, these may represent nonequilibrium surface stress rather than surface tension [68]. Surface stresses may produce wrinkling in harder materials [122]. 

Brunauer and co-workers [129, 130] found values of of 1310, 1180, and 386 ergs/cm for CaO, Ca(OH)2 and tobermorite (a calcium silicate hydrate). Jura and Garland [131] reported a value of 1040 ergs/cm for magnesium oxide. Patterson and coworkers [132] used fractionated sodium chloride particles prepared by a volatilization method to find that the surface contribution to the low-temperature heat capacity varied approximately in proportion to the area determined by gas adsorption. Questions of equilibrium arise in these and adsorption studies on finely divided surfaces as discussed in Section X-3. 

By the electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride or fused sodium chloride. 

In a 500 ml. three-necked flask, equipped with a thermometer, a sealed Hershberg stirrer and a reflux condenser, place 32-5 g. of phosphoric oxide and add 115-5 g. (67-5 ml.) of 85 per cent, orthophosphoric acid (1). When the stirred mixture has cooled to room temperature, introduce 166 g. of potassium iodide and 22-5 g. of redistilled 1 4-butanediol (b.p. 228-230° or 133-135°/18 mm.). Heat the mixture with stirring at 100-120° for 4 hours. Cool the stirred mixture to room temperature and add 75 ml. of water and 125 ml. of ether. Separate the ethereal layer, decolourise it by shaking with 25 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium thiosulphate solution, wash with 100 ml. of cold, saturated sodium chloride solution, and dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Remove the ether by flash distillation (Section 11,13 compare Fig. II, 13, 4) on a steam bath and distil the residue from a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm under diminished pressure. Collect the 1 4-diiodobutane at 110°/6 mm. the yield is 65 g. 

Equip a 1-litre three-necked flask with a powerful mechanical stirrer, a separatory funnel with stem extending to the bottom of the flask, and a thermometer. Cool the flask in a mixture of ice and salt. Place a solution of 95 g. of A.R. sodium nitrite in 375 ml. of water in the flask and stir. When the temperature has fallen to 0° (or slightly below) introduce slowly from the separatory funnel a mixture of 25 ml. of water, 62 5 g. (34 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid and 110 g. (135 ml.) of n-amyl alcohol, which has previously been cooled to 0°. The rate of addition must be controlled so that the temperature is maintained at 1° the addition takes 45-60 minutes. AUow the mixture to stand for 1 5 hours and then filter from the precipitated sodium sulphate (1). Separate the upper yellow n-amyl nitrite layer, wash it with a solution containing 1 g. of sodium bicarbonate and 12 5 g. of sodium chloride in 50 ml. of water, and dry it with 5-7 g. of anhydrous magnesium sulphate. The resulting crude n-amyl nitrite (107 g.) is satisfactory for many purposes (2). Upon distillation, it passes over largely at 104° with negligible decomposition. The b.p. under reduced pressure is 29°/40 mm. 

Add the dimethyl sulphate dropwise during 1 hour whilst stirring the mixture vigorously. Then reflux for 2 hours, with stirring, in order to complete the methylation. Allow to cool, add water, transfer to a separatory funnel, remove the lower layer, and wash once with water, twice with dilute sulphuric acid, and then with water until the washings are neutral to litmus. Add some sodium chloride to each washing as this will facilitate the separation of the two layers for anisole is 0- 996). Dry over anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium sulphate, and distil from an air bath. Collect the anisole at 151-154°. The yield is 40 g. 

Preparation of benzyl cyanide. Place 100 g. of powdered, technical sodium cyanide (97-98 per cent. NaCN) (CAUTION) and 90 ml. of water in a 1 litre round-bottomed flask provided with a reflux condenser. Warm on a water bath until the sodium cyanide dissolves. Add, by means of a separatory funnel fitted into the top of the condenser with a grooved cork, a solution of 200 g. (181-5 ml.) of benzyl chloride (Section IV.22) in 200 g. of rectified spirit during 30-45 minutes. Heat the mixture in a water bath for 4 hours, cool, and filter off the precipitated sodium chloride with suction wash with a little alcohol. Distil off as much as possible of the alcohol on a water bath (wrap the flask in a cloth) (Fig. II, 13, 3). Cool the residual liquid, filter if necessary, and separate the layer of crude benzyl cyanide. (Sometimes it is advantageous to extract the nitrile with ether or benzene.) Dry over a little anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil under diminished pressure from a Claisen flask, preferably with a fractionating side arm (Figs. II, 24, 2-5). Collect the benzyl cyanide at 102-103°/10 mm. The yield is 160 g. 

This product is sufficiently pure for the preparation of phenylacetic acid and its ethyl ester, but it contains some benzyl tso-cyanide and usually develops an appreciable colour on standing. The following procedure removes the iso-cyanide and gives a stable water-white compound. Shake the once-distilled benzyl cyanide vigorously for 5 minutes with an equal volume of warm (60°) 60 per cent, sulphuric acid (prepared by adding 55 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid to 100 ml. of water). Separate the benzyl cyanide, wash it with an equal volume of sa+urated sodium bicarbonate solution and then with an equal volume of half-saturated sodium chloride solution- Dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate and distil under reduced pressure. The loss in washing is very small (compare n-Butyl Cyanide, Section 111,113, in which concentrated hydrochloric acid is employed). 

The combined organic solutions were washed five times with saturated sodium chloride solution and subsequently dried Over magnesium sulfate. After concentration of the extract in a water-pump vacuum the residue was distilled through... 

Brine Preparation. Sodium chloride solutions are occasionally available naturally but they are more often obtained by solution mining of salt deposits. Raw, near-saturated brines containing low concentrations of impurities such as magnesium and calcium salts, are purified to prevent scaling of processing equipment and contamination of the product. Some brines also contain significant amounts of sulfates (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). Brine is usually purified by a lime—soda treatment where the magnesium is precipitated with milk of lime (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium precipitated with soda ash. After separation from the precipitated impurities, the brine is sent to the ammonia absorbers. 

The preferred method of determining water in glycerol is by the Kad Fischer volumetric method (18). Water can also be determined by a special quantitative distillation in which the distilled water is absorbed by anhydrous magnesium perchlorate (19). Other tests such as ash, alkalinity or acidity, sodium chloride, and total organic residue are included in AOCS methods (13,16,18). 

The dehydration process in Norway has as its raw material basis brine from the potash industry of the following average composition 33% MgCl2 1—2% magnesium sulfate [7487-88-9], MgSO 0.5% sodium chloride [7647-14-5], and 0.2% potassium chloride [7447-40-7],... 

Four minerals are the principal commercial sources of potash (Table 2). In all ores, sodium chloride is the principal soluble contaminant. Extraneous water-iasoluble material, eg, clay and siUca, is a significant contaminant ia some of the evaporates being mined from underground deposits. Some European potassium ores contain relatively large amounts of the mineral kieserite, MgS04-H2 0. It is recovered for captive use to produce potassium sulfate compounds or is marketed ia relatively pure form as a water-soluble magnesium fertilizer. 

The value of langbeinite as a fertilizer is enhanced because, in pure form, it contains 18.8 wt % potassium, 11.7 wt % magnesium, and 23.0 wt % sulfur. AH three elements are essential nutrients for plant growth. Commercial grades contain ca 97 wt % mineral the remaining 3 wt % consists of water-insoluble clays and residual sodium chloride. 

Sodium nitrate nitrate [7631-99-4] NaNO, is found in naturally occurring deposits associated with sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, magnesium chloride, and other salts. Accumulations of sodium nitrate have been reported in several countries, but the only ones being commercially exploited are the unique nitrate-rich deposits in Chile, South America. Natural sodium nitrate is also referred to as Chilean saltpeter or Chilean nitrate. 

Chlorine. Chlorine, the material used to make PVC, is the 20th most common element on earth, found virtually everywhere, in rocks, oceans, plants, animals, and human bodies. It is also essential to human life. Eree chlorine is produced geothermally within the earth, and occasionally finds its way to the earth s surface in its elemental state. More usually, however, it reacts with water vapor to form hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid reacts quickly with other elements and compounds, forming stable compounds (usually chloride) such as sodium chloride (common salt), magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride, all found in large quantities in seawater. 

The approximate composition of surface water in the Dead Sea in 1966 (49) was given as 35 g/L calcium chloride 130 g/L magnesium chloride nearly 80 g/L sodium chloride more than 10 g/L potassium chloride nearly 4 g/L bromide and about 1 g/L sulfate. At 400 m depth the bromide concentration was 6 g/L. Bromine in Israel is produced from the Hquors left from potash production and the bromide content of these Hquors is 14 g/L. 

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