Contribution to surface

We also tried measurements to demonstrate that hot spots make significant contributions to surface enhanced Raman scattering [34]. For this purpose, the sample of nanoparticie assembly was doped with Raman active molecules by a spincoating method, and near-field excited Raman scattering from the sample was recorded. We adopted Rhodamine 6G dye as a Raman active material, which is... 

To summarize, we have shown here that enhanced electric-field distribution in metal nanoparticle assemblies can be visualized on the nanoscale by a near-field two-photon excitation imaging method. By combining this method and near-field Raman imaging, we have clearly demonstrated that hot spots in noble metal nanoparticle assemblies make a major contribution to surface enhanced Raman scattering. 

Theoretical calculations of the surface free energy of solids date back to 1928 with the work of Lennard-Jones and Dent 10). Displacements of the positive and negative ions when a given interior layer becomes a surface layer were allowed for by Verwey 11). Calculations by Shuttleworth 12) showed that van der Waals terms make a significant contribution to surface energy. Benson and his co-workers have made an extensive study of alkali-halides 13-16) and of magnesium oxide 17). 

The adsorption of ionic surfactants creates an adsorption layer of surfactant ions, a Stern layer of counterions and a diffusive layer distributed by the electric field of the charged surface. Every layer has its own contribution to surface tension. For example, the adsorption of dodecyl sulfate (DS") ions from the sodium dodecyl sulfate solution is described by the modified Frumkin isotherm as... 

Kabalnov A (2000) Monolayer frustration contributions to surface and interfacial tensions explanation of surfactant superspreading. Langmuir 16 2595-2603... 

In many instances, by controlling the factors that contribute to surface contamination of the parts, the need for cleaning can be reduced or eliminated altogether. Control of parts contamination starts with a study of contamination sources. Sources can be incoming soils applied by metal vendors or soils applied in house. 

Using contact angle (see Basic Protocol 4), the quantitative determination on the basis of the Lifshiz-van der Waals and electron donor-acceptor of Lewis acid-base interactions contributing to surface tension was extended to proteins (van Oss et ah, 1981). Despite its relative simplicity, the method has not gained popularity in the application to food proteins directly, probably because of the lack of similarity with proteins in solutions as this method uses a semi-dried form of proteins. However, investigation of the quality of packaging material, such as permeation and absorption, may... 

FOWKES, F.M., Dispersion force contributions to surface and interfacial tensions, contact angles and heats of immersion , A.C.S. Advances in Chemistry Series, 43, 99-111 (1964)... 

Although many factors, such as film thickness and adsorption behaviour, have to be taken into account, the ability of a surfactant to reduce surface tension and contribute to surface elasticity are among the most important features of foam stabilization (see Section 5.4.2). The relation between Marangoni surface elasticity and foam stability [201,204,305,443] partially explains why some surfactants will act to promote foaming while others reduce foam stability (foam breakers or defoamers), and still others prevent foam formation in the first place (foam preventatives, foam inhibitors). Continued research into the dynamic physical properties of thin-liquid films and bubble surfaces is necessary to more fully understand foaming behaviour. Schramm et al. [306] discuss some of the factors that must be considered in the selection of practical foam-forming surfactants for industrial processes. 

So, how should we who are interested in catalysis investigate phonons Lattice vibrations determine the spectral intensity in many spectroscopic techniques, and they often force us to take spectra at lower temperatures than we would prefer. Often, we cannot measure at catalytic reaction temperatures. Sometimes, however, we can use the phonons to our advantage when they enable us to associate certain spectral contributions with the surface region. Phonons also contribute to surface entropy. In fact, in special cases they may provide a driving force for segregation of species with the softer vibrations to the surface of multicomponent species [14]. 

Ohta M, Buckton G. 2004. The use of inverse gas chromatography to asess the acid-base contributions to surface energies of cefditoren pivoxil and methacrylate copolymers and possible links to instability. Int. J. Pharm. 272 121-128. 

A surfactant at low concentration in aqueous solution exists as monomers (free or unassociated surfactant molecules). These monomers pack together at the interface, form monolayer and contribute to surface and interfacial tension lowering. Although this phenomenon is highly dynamic (surfactant molecules arrive and leave the interface on a very rapid timescale), molecules at the interface interact with the neighbouring molecules very strongly which enables measurement of the rheological properties of the monolayer. 

Long-range Force Contributions to Surface Dynamics... 

The cohesion within water that results from these transitory hydrogen bonds allows water to move upward in plants against the force of gravity. Where water and another, less dense, substance meet, the bonds between water molecules contribute to surface tension. 

Fowkes FM. (1963). Additivity of intermolecular forces at interfaces. L Determination of the contribution to surface and interfacial tensions of dispersion forces in various liquids. / Phys Chem 67 2538-2541. 

FIG. 9 XPS analysis of PLA-PEG microparticle surfaces showing the contribution to surface chemistry of the lactic acid, ethylene glycol, and vinyl alcohol groups. (From Ref. 37.)... 

Frankel, M.B., Wojcik, B.M., DeDent, A.C., Missiakas, D.M., and Schneewind, O. (2010). ABI domain-containing proteins contribute to surface protein display and cell division in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 78 238-252. 

Etchegoln P, Cohen LF, Hartigan H, Brown RJC, Milton MJT, Gallop JC (2003) Electromagnetic contribution to surface enhanced Raman scattering revisited. J Chem Phys 119 5281... 

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