Macrophage migration inhibitory

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

A macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which encourages the maerophages to remain in the area. 

Suzuki, M., et al., Xenopus laevis macrophage migration inhibitory factor is essential for axis formation and neural development, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 21406, 2004. 

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor Monocyte colony-stimulating factor Tumor necrosis factor- a Tumor necrosis factor- P... 

Kofoed, K., et al. (2007) Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections a prospective study. Crit Care. 11, R38. 

Figure 25-5 shows the principal catabolic pathways, as well as a few biosynthetic reactions, of phenylalanine and tyrosine in animals. Transamination to phenylpyruvate (reaction a) occurs readily, and the product may be oxidatively decarboxylated to phen-ylacetate. The latter may be excreted after conjugation with glycine (as in Knoop s experiments in which phenylacetate was excreted by dogs after conjugation with glycine, Box 10-A). Although it does exist, this degradative pathway for phenylalanine must be of limited importance in humans, for an excess of phenylalanine is toxic unless it can be oxidized to tyrosine (reaction b, Fig. 25-5). Formation of phenylpyruvate may have some function in animals. The enzyme phenylpyruvate tautomerase, which catalyzes interconversion of enol and oxo isomers of its substrate, is also an important immunoregulatory cytokine known as macrophage migration inhibitory factor.863...

Rodriguez-Sosa, M., Rosas, L.E., David, J.R., Bojalil, R., Satoskar, A.R. and Terrazas, L.l. (2003b) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays a critical role in mediating protection against the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps. Infection and Immunity 71, 1247-1254. 

Murakami, H., Akbar, S. M. F., Matsui, H., Horiike, N., and Onji M. 2002. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor activates antigen-presenting dendritic cells and induces inflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 128 504—510. 

Metz, C. N., and Bucala, R. (1997). Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the regulation of the immune response. Adv. Immunol. 66, 197-223. 

Swope, M. D., and Lolis, E. (1999). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor cytokine, hormone, or enzyme Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 139, 1-32. 

Finally/ there is evidence that Kupffer cells are a source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) that may play an important protective role by minimizing formation of reactive nitrogen species when superoxide is released following MPT (24). Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g./ macrophage migration inhibitory factor) may exacerbate hepatocellular necrosiS/ whereas chemokines (e.g./ monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) appear to reduce the extent of hepatotoxicity and facilitate eventual hepatocyte regeneration in surviving patients (13). 

Niino M, Ogata A, Kikuchi S, Tashiro K, Nishihira J (2000) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with conventional and optic-spinal forms of multiple sclerosis and neuro-Behcet s disease. J Neurol Sci 179 127-131. 

Suzuki T, Ogata A, Tashiro K, Nagashima K, Tamura M, Yasui K, Nishihira J (2000) Japanese encephalitis virus up-regulates expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIE) mRNA in the mouse brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1517 100-106. 

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory factor (MAP), macrophage activating factor, macrophage aggregating factor, chemotactic factor, AG-dependent MIF... 

Asare Y, Schmitt M, Bernhagen J (2013) The vascular biology of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Expression and effects in inflammation, atherogenesis and angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost 109 391-398... 

Pennock JL, Behnke JM, Bickle QD, Devaney E, Grends RK, Isaac RE, Joshua GWR Selkirk ME, Zhang Y, Meyer DJ (1998) Rapid purification and characterization of L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris and Brugia pahangi. Biochem J 335 495 98... 

Wu Z, Boonmars T, Nagano I, Nakada T, Takahashi Y (2003) Molecular expression and characterization of a homologue of host cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor from Trichinella spp. J Parasitol 89 507-515... 

Mizue Y, Ghani S, Leng L, et al. Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in asthma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2005 102 14410-14415. 

Baugh JA, Bucala R (2002) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Crit Care Med 30 S27-S35... 

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