Macrophage cell line inflammatory protein

Recently, Tan et al. (Tan et ah, 2007) demonstrated that activation of (32-adrenoreceptors in the macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) in the absence of inflammatory stimulus increased the transcription and protein synthesis of IL-1 (3 and IL-6. This increase was not reduced by neither a PKA nor a NF-kB inhibitor, but was dependent on p38 and p42/44 MAPK activation, which in turn, activated activating transcription factor (ATF)l and ATF2. 

In the first differential proteomics approach for the identification and characterization of proteins involved in both the inflammatory cascade and Leflunomide mode of action (Dax et al, 1998), the murine monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was employed and the RAW 264.7 proteomes of normal, unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with the respective LPS-stimulated and/or drug-treated were compared. This cell line was chosen since RAW 264.7 cells have been used as a model system to study immune responses (Bahl et al, 1994) successfully before. 

Aronica SM, Mantel C, Gonin R, et al. Interferon-inducible protein 10 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha inhibit growth factor stimulation of Raf-1 kinase activity and protein synthesis in a human growth factor-dependent hematopoietic cell line. J Biol Chem 1995 270 21998-2007. 

Several cytokines have been shown to enhance eotaxin mRNA expression and protein. Human eotaxin mRNA is expressed by umbilical vein endothelial cells, U937 monocytic cells, colonic epithelial cells, respiratory epithelial cell lines, and dermal fibroblasts following stimulation with cytokines such as TNFa, IL-ip and IFNy (40,85,86). The release of TNFa and IL-ip by alveolar macrophages from asthmatics (87,88) could be important in the upregulation of eotaxin mRNA and protein levels observed in this disease (79-81) and thus may define a mechanism linking inflammatory cytokine mobilization to eosinophil recruitment. 

Heyworth, C. M., Pearson, M. A., Dexter, T. M., Wark, G., Owen-Lynch, P. J., and Whetton, A. D. (1995) Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha mediated growth inhibition in a haematopoietic cell line is associated with inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate generation. Growth... 

Endothelin-1, a peptide initially purified from porcine aortic endothelial cells, has been shown to be expressed by human pneumocytes type II in lung fibrosis (Giaid et al. 1993), by rat pneumocytes II (Crestani et al. 1994), and a cell line derived from rat pneumocytes II (L2 Markevitz et al. 1995). ET-1 has potent vascular and bronchial smooth muscle cell constrictor properties, acts as a mitogen for different cell types, such as fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells (Battistini et al. 1993), and is involved in the modulation of the inflammatory response through a direct effect on alveolar macrophages (Na-GASE et al. 1990) or mast cells (Ehrenreich et al. 1992). ET-1 production is inhibited by IL-ip (Odoux et al. 1997). IL-ip effect was dependent on protein synthesis, was partially prevented by indomethacin, and was totally prevented by dexamethasone. 

Extracellular reduced glutathione could completely attenuate the cristobalite (particle diameter 1.2 on)-induced expression of monocyte chemo-tactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 mRNAs by a murine alveolar type II line, whereas TNF-a mRNA levels were unaltered (Barrett et al. 1999). Using the oxidant sensitive dye, 6-carboxyl-27 -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate di(acetoxymethyl ester) treatment of this cell line with cristobalite (18 ftg/cnf = 100 pg/ial) and TNF-a (1 ng/ml) resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species, which could be inhibited with extracellular GSH treatment. In the case of cristo-balite-induced reactive oxygen species, inhibition was also achieved with an anti-TNF-a antibody. 

To enhance the antitumor immunity, dendritic cell growth factor, Flt-3 ligand was combined with radiation therapy and there was greater induction of the abscopal effect compared with either treatment alone in certain tumor cell lines (Chakravarty etal. 1999 Demaria et al. 2004). Active variant of human macrophage inflammatory protein-la also induced abscopal effects by radiation in several mouse tumor models and the accumulation of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocyte and NK cells was observed in non-irradiated tumor sites (Shiraishi et al. 2008). There have also been a number of studies that have shown that radiation combined with cytokine... 

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