Tropical spastic paraparesis

HTLV I Endemic in W Indies and SW Japan transmission via blood, human milk can cause adult T-cell leukemia, and HTLV I-associated myelopathy and tropical spastic paraparesis... 

Human T-cell lympho trophic vkus type-I (HTLV-I) is an exogenous human retrovirus that causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and a progressive neurological disorder, HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). 

Clinical Features and Epidemiology of HTLV-Associated Myelopathy and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)... 

Kushida S, Matsumur a M, Tanaka H, Ami Y, Hori M, Kobayashi M, Ucliida K, Yagami K, Kameyama T, Yoshizawa T, et al. (1993) HTLV-1-associated myelopatliy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like rats by infiavenous injection of HTLV-1-producing rabbit or human T-cell line into adult WKA rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 84 831-833. 

Aye MM, Matsuoka E, Moritoyo T, Umehara F, Suehara M, Hokezu Y, Yamanaka H, Isashiki Y, Osame M, Izumo S (2000) Histo-pathological analysis of four autopsy cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis Inflammatory changes occur simultaneously in the entire central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 100 245-252. 

Furukawa K, Mori M, Ohta N, Ikeda H, Shida H, Furukawa K, Shiku H (1994) Clonal expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) genome products in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. J Clin Invest 94 1830-1839. 

Gessain A, Batin F, Vemant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de The G (1985) Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2 407-410. 

Goon PK, Hanon E, Igakura T, Tanaka Y, Weber IN, Taylor GP, Bangham CR (2002) High frequencies of Thl-type CD4(-i-)T cells specific to HTLV-1 Env and Tax proteins in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Blood 99 3335-3341. 

Ishiguro N, Abe M, Seto K, Sakurai H, Ikeda H, Wakisaka A, Togashi T, Tateno M, Yoshiki T (1992) A rat model of human T lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. 1. Humoral antibody response, provirus integration, and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like myelopathy in seronegative HTLV-I carrier rats. J Exp Med 176 981-989. 

Kubota R, Kawanishi T, Matsubara H, Manns A, Jacobson S (1998) Demonstration of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax-specific CD8-I- lymphocytes directly in peripheral blood of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by intracellular cytokine detection. J Immunol 161 482-488. 

Kubota R, Nagai M, Kawanishi T, Osame M, Jacobson S (2000) Increased HTLV type 1 tas specific CD8-I- cells in HTLV type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis Correlation with HTLV type 1 proviral load. AIDS Res Hum Restrovirases 16 1705-1709. 

Parker CE, Daenke S, Nightingale S, Bangham CR (1992) Activated, HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are found in healthy seropositives as well as in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Virology 188 628-636. 

Saito M, Braud VM, Goon P, Hanon E, Taylor GP, Saito A, Eiraku N, Tanaka Y, Usuku K, Weber JN, Osame M, Bangham CR (2003) Low frequency of CD94/NKG2A-I- T lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, but notin asymptomatic carriers. Blood 102 577-584. 

Wu E, Dickson DW, lacohson S, Raine CS (1993) Neuroaxonal dystrophy in HTLV-l-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis Neuropathologic and neuroimmunologic correlations. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 86 224—235. 

Wu XM, Osoegawa M, Yamasaki K, Kawano Y, Ochi H, Horiuchi I, Minohara M, Ohyagi Y, Yamada T, Kira II (2000) Flow cytometric differentiation of Asian and Western types of multiple sclerosis, HTLV-l-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and hyperIgEaemic myelitis hy analyses of memory CD4 positive T cell subsets and NK cell subsets. 1 Neurol Sci 177 24-31. 

Yu F, Itoyama Y, Fujihara K, Goto I (1991) Natural killer (NK) cells in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-decrease in NK cell subset populations and activity in HTLV-I seropositive individuals. J Neuroimmunol 33 121-128. 

Matsuzaki T, Nakagawa M, Nagai M, Nobuhara Y, Usuku K, Higu-chi 1, Takahashi K, Moritoyo T, Arimura K, Izumo S, Akiba S, Osame M (2000) HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-hke manifestations. J Neurovirol 6 544—548. 

Human thymus-derived-cell leukaemia/ lymphoma virus-1 Tropical spastic paraparesis Adult T cell leukaemia... 

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATE) and HTLV-l-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/ TSP) [69]. HTLV-1 encodes a transactivator. Tax, that is critical for virus replication and plays a central role in the development of ATL and HAM/TSP [69]. Tax does not bind to DNA directly but functions by interacting with a variety of cellular proteins [69]. Many protein-protein interactions of Tax have been determined by mutational analysis including CREB [70-72] and NF-kB [70,72]. To identify all the cellular proteins that interact with Tax, Wu et al. used chromatography, 2D gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometric analysis of an HTLV-1-infected cell line (C81) [73]. As Tax functions in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus [70,74], Tax-interacting proteins were identified from both cellular compartments. Some of the cytoplasmic proteins included small GTPases and components of the cytoskeleton while some of the more interesting nuclear proteins included components of the SWl/SNF chromatin remodeling complex [73]. 

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