Luteinizing hormone prolactin

Cannabimimetics are also shown to affect reproductive and metabolic functions indirectly by hormonal modulation through the hypothalamic and pituitary regulatory centers. They are found to reduce serum levels of the luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and to increase corticotropin (Murphy, 1998). 

Pinilla L, Gonzalez LC, Tena-Sempere M, Aguilar E (2001) Evidence for an estrogenlike action of raloxifene upon the hypothalamic-pituitary unit raloxifene inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion and stimulates prolactin secretion in ovariectomized female rats. Neurosci Lett 311 149-152... 

Weisner JB, Koeng JI, Krulich L, Moss RL (1984) Site of action for -endorphin-induced changes in plasma luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the ovariectomized rat. Life Sci 34 1463-1473... 

Yin P, Kawashima K, Arita J (2002) Direct actions of estradiol on the anterior pituitary gland are required for hypothalamus-dependentlactotrope proliferation and secretory surges of luteinizing hormone but not of prolactin in female rats. Neuroendocrinology... 

Pituitary ACTH Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Peptides or proteins... 

Plasma prolactin levels are reduced with acute treatment and remain suppressed after 28 days of chronic treatment (Murphy et al. 1998). With acute treatment, no effects are seen on plasma luteinizing hormone or testosterone levels. However, chronic dietary 5% ginseng increases testosterone levels in male rats (Fahim et al. 1982). Chronic ginsenosides do not alter posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (Zierer 1991). Similarly, human males administered ginseng extract showed an increase in plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, but a decrease in prolactin (Salvati et al. 1996). 

FIGURE 8.4 The Bronson model of priming pheromone actions in rodents. Chemical signaling between males and females constitutes a feedback mechanism that results in accelerated maturation and reproduction. This, in turn, permits the mice to adjust their reproduction and population size quickly to respond to environmental conditions such as sudden food abundance at harvest time. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone PRL, prolactin. Stimulation and inhibition are marked by - - and —, respectively. (From Bronson and Coquelin, 1980.)... 

Anterior part produces its own hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones, e.g., adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, luteinizing hormone LH, follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Thyroid Regulation of metabolism, development, and maturation... 

Angiotensin II, administered into the central nervous system, increases the release of luteinizing hormone, adrenocortical hormone, thyroid-releasing hormone, (3-endorphin, vasopressin, and oxytocin from the anterior pituitary. In contrast, centrally administered angiotensin II inhibits the release of anterior pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. 

All antipsychotics except clozapine and perhaps olanzapine produce hyperprolactinemia by removing the inhibitory actions of dopamine on prolactin secretion. This results in amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and infertility in women and in loss of libido and impotence in men. Inhibition of the release of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones may also play a role. In addition, weight gain is common, and food intake must be monitored. 

Endocrine system Morphine and other opioid analgesics stimulate the release of vasopressin and prolactin and inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone, ACTH and follicle stimulating hormone. 

Cortisol hypersecretion, blunted growth hormone and prolactin responses, blunted thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to TRH, reduced luteinizing hormone secretion, and disturbances in b-endorphin, vasopressin, and calcitonin have all been associated with depression. 

As well as the sex hormones already mentioned (see above), many other hormones seem to affect the metabolism of foreign compounds and therefore may have effects on toxicity. A number of pituitary hormones may directly, as well as indirectly, affect metabolism, for example, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. Thus, hypophysectomy in male rats results in a general decrease in metabolism, but the effects of some of the individual hormones may depend on the sex of the animal and the particular enzyme or metabolic pathway. For example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration decreases oxidative metabolism in males but increases N-demethylation in female rats. Removal of the adrenal gland reduces metabolism, such as ethylmorphine demethylation and aniline 4-hydroxylation, and this can... 

The adenohypophysis is the part of the gland in which the tropic hormones are secreted They include the adrenocorticotropic hormone lACTHl. die thyrotropic hormone (TSH). and. somatotropin, as well as three hormones with pronounced effects upon the gonads the hormone prolactin, the follicle-stimulating hormone tFSHl and the luteinizing or interstitial cell stimulating hormone tLH or ISCH)... 

Hiroi N, Ichijo T, Shimojo M, Ueshiba H, Tsuboi K, Miyachi Y. Pituitary apoplexy caused by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in prolactin-producing adenoma. Intern Med 2001 40(8) 747-50. 

Several studies have suggested that single or short-term administration of G-CSF did not produce significant changes in the serum concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or thyrotropin (SEDA-20, 337 ... 

Secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyrotropin is suppressed by opioids, whereas the release of prolactin and, in some cases, growth hormone is enhanced (901). 

In women reserpine causes a small increase in circulating concentrations of prolactin (1006), which could be related to the small increase in the risk of breast cancer. In 27 hypertensive men reserpine 0.25 mg/day for 3 months had no effect on testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, or prolactin (1007). 

Mendelson JH, Sholar MB, Mutschler NH, Jaszyna-Gasior M, Goletiani NV, Siegel AJ, Mello NK. Effects of intravenous cocaine and cigarette smoking on luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin in men. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 307 339 18. 

Anterior Lobe. The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, secretes six important peptide hormones. The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin (Pr). The physiologic effects of these hormones are listed in Table 28-1. 

Because melatonin production goes down during puberty, some researchers suspect that the decreasing levels of this hormone are somehow linked to sexual maturation. Melatonin also influences the levels of certain reproductive hormones such as prolactin and luteinizing hormone. Due to these effects, many experts recommend that children, teenagers, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers do not take melatonin. 

Melatonin influences the level of other hormones in the body. It has been shown to have a particularly strong effect on prolactin and luteinizing hormone, both of which are major reproductive hormones. Some authorities caution that it may reduce the sexual drive in men. 

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