Xanthophylls cycle

Demmig-Adams, B. and Adams, W.W., The Xanthophyll Cycle, CRC F ress, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 

Gruszecki, W.I. and K. Strzalka. 1991. Does the xanthophyll cycle take part in the regulation of fluidity of the thylakoid membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1060 310-314. 

Havaux, M. and F. Tardy. 1996. Temperature-dependent adjustment of the thermal stability of photosystem II in vivo Possible involvement of xanthophyll-cycle pigments. Planta 193 324—333. 

Latowski, D., J. Grzyb, and K. Strzalka. 2004. The xanthophyll cycle—molecular mechanism and physiological significance. Acta Physiol. Plant. 26 197-212. 

In order to obtain nearly absolute purity of the spectra of these xanthophylls, it was necessary to calculate the difference Raman spectra. Therefore, for zeaxanthin, two spectra of samples, one containing violaxanthin and the other enriched in zeaxanthin, were measured at 514.5 nm excitation. After their normalization using chlorophyll a bands at 1354 or 1389 cm-1, a deepoxidized-minus-epoxidized difference spectrum has for the first time been calculated to produce a pure resonance Raman spectrum of zeaxanthin in vivo (Figure 7.10b). A similar procedure was used for the calculation of the pure spectrum for violaxanthin. The only difference is that the 488.0nm excitation wavelength and epoxidized-minus-deepoxidized order of spectra have been applied in the calculation. The spectra produced using this approach have remarkable similarity to the spectra of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in pure solvents (Ruban et al., 2001). The v, peaks of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin spectra are 7 cm 1 apart and in correspondence to the maxima of this band for isolated zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, respectively. The v3 band for zeaxanthin is positioned at 1003 cm-1, while the one for violaxanthin is upshifted toward 1006 cm-1. 

Morosinotto, T., Baronio, R., and Bassi, R. 2002. Dynamics of chromophore binding to Lhc proteins in vivo and in vitro during the operation of the xanthophyll cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 277 36913-36920. 

Ruban, A.V., Pascal, A.A., Lee, P.J., Robert, B., and Horton, P. 2002a. Molecular configuration of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in photosystem II antenna complexes. J. Biol. Chem 111 42937-42942. 

Verhoeven, A.S., Adams, III, W.W., Demmig-Adams, B., Croce, R., and Bassi, R. 1999. Xanthophyll cycle pigment localization and dynamics during exposure to low temperatures and light stress in low and high light-acclimated in vinca major. Plant Physiol 120 1-11. 

Tardy, T. and M. Havaux. 1997. Thylakoid membrane fluidity and thermostability during the operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher-plant chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1330 179-193. 

The composition and amount of pigments in marine environments have also been vigorously investigated. Thus, on RP-HPLC method has been developed for the study of the effect of variable irradiance on the xanthophyll cycle of the seagrass Zostera marina. Extraction of pigments from seagrass was carried out by grinding the samples with acid-washed sand in the presence of 1 ml of 90 per cent acetone and the liquid phase was... 

P.J. Ralph, S.M. Polk, K.A. Moore, R.J. Orth and W.O. Smith, Jr, Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in responese to variable irradiance. J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 271 (2002) 189-207. 

Manetas, Y., Drinia, A., and Petropoulou, Y., High contents of anthocyanins in young leaves are correlated with low pools of xanthophyll cycle components and low risk of photoinhibition, Photosynthetica, 40, 349, 2002. 

Recent studies, using an Arabidopsis mutant defective in the xanthophyll cycle, point to a chlorophyllbinding protein PsbS, which participates in nonphoto-... 

Keywords Fluorescence Iron Light Phaeocystis Pigments Xanthophyll cycling... 

In concordance with the diel dynamics in Fv/Fm, active xanthophyll cycling was observed over the day (Fig. 2A, B). The ratio of diatoxan-thin (dt) to diadinoxanthin (dd) was closely linked to irradiance, with maximum conversion of dd into dt recorded during maximum irradiance. Whereas the total pool of dd + dt was highest in iron-limited cells (Table 1), the dt/dd ratio was significantly higher in iron-replete cells 0.9 versus 0.15 for Fe-limited cells (Fig. 2). 

Fig. 2 Daily dynamics of the xanthophylls cycle (ratio of diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin dt dd) plotted alongside irradiance (photons m-2 s 1 solid line). (A) Iron-limited cells. (B) Iron-replete cells...

Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE (1990) Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345 156-158 Meyer AA, Tackx M, Daro N (2000) Xanthophyll cycling... 

Moisan TA, Olaizola M, Mitchell BG (1998) Xanthophyll cycling in Phaeocystis antarctica changes in cellular fluorescence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 169 113-121... 

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