Lupinus polyphyllus

Mass spectral data have also been employed for biological studies aimed at determining the distribution of quinolizidine alkaloids within a plant. For instance, the analysis of stem sections of Lupinus polyphyllus and Cytisus scoparius by laser desorption mass spectrometry led to the conclusion that these alkaloids are restricted to the epidermis and probably also to the neighboring one or two subepidermal cell layers <1984MI230>. 

Plant Part Alkaloid Concentration (mmol/kg fresh weight) Lupinus polyphyllus Cytisus scoparius ... 

Table 24 Potential usage of alkaloid-rich and alkaloid-poor Washington lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus LindL) in agriculture...

Figure 101. RF of QAs individuals in Coronilla varia, Cytisus scoparius, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus polyphyllus, Meliotus officinalis, Ononis repens, Ornithopus petpusillus, Oxytropis campestris during 1999-2003.

Coronilla varia (1) O Cytisus scoparius (2) T Lotus corniculatus (3) V Lupinus polyphyllus (4) Meliotus officinalis (5) O Ononis repens (6) Ornithopus perpusillus (7) O Oxytropis campestris (8)... 

Aniszewski, T. 1993. Alkaloid-rich and alkaloid-poor Washington lupin Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) as potential industrial crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 1 147-157. 

Aniszewski, T., Drozdov, S. N., Kholoptseva, E. S., Kurets, V. K., Obshatko, L. A., Popov, E. G. and Talanov, A. V. 2001. Effects of light and temperature parameters on net photosynthetic carbondioxide fixation by whole plants of five lupin species Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, and Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 51 17-27. 

Aniszewski, T., Kupari, M. H. and Leinonen, A. J. 2001. Seed number, seed size and seed diversity in the Washington lupine Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) Annals of Botany, 87 77-82. 

Aniszewski, T. 1994. A theorethical formula for the determination of total content of quinolizidine alkaloids of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Science of Legumes, 1 111-116. 

Although OGs are widely distributed in the fabaceous family, fabaceous crude drugs used as anti-hepatitis were limited. Therefore, a qualitical analysis seemed to be important. In order to confirm the constitution of OGs, HPLC profile analyses of the total OG fraction for some crude drugs were performed, Fig. (4). The test samples were classified into two groups one is used as anti-hepatitis (Abri Herba and Puerariae Flos) and the other one is not for such use (the roots of Lupinus polyphyllus and Campylotropis hirtella). 

Quinolizidine Alkaloids.—Biosynthesis of quinolizidine alkaloids, e.g. sparteine (28), is from lysine (15) by way of cadaverine (16), as shown in Scheme 4. Three cadaverine units (as indicated by the thickened bonds) are required for the construction of alkaloids such as sparteine (28).10 Although something has been discerned about the biosynthetic relationships of various quinolizidine alkaloids, the nature of early intermediates beyond cadaverine has remained quite elusive.10 Exciting new results obtained with crude enzyme preparations from cell suspension cultures of Lupinus polyphyllus indicate why this is so. 

Mende, P. and Wink, M. 1987. Uptake of the quinolizidine alkaloid lupanine by protoplasts and isolated vacuoles of suspension-cultured Lupinus polyphyllus cells. Diffusion or carrier-mediated transport J. Plant Physiol. 129, 229-242... 

Wink, M. and Hartmann, T. 1982. Localization of the enzymes of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in leaf chloroplast of Lupinus polyphyllus. Plant Physiol. 70, 74-77... 

Wink, M. and Mende, P. 1987. Uptake of lupanine by alkaloid-storing epidermal cells of Lupinus polyphyllus. Planta Medica 53, 465-469... 

Quinolizidine Alkaloids.—Important new information (cf. Vol. 11, p. 4) has been obtained on the biosynthesis of quinolizidine alkaloids such as lupanine (27) in experiments with enzyme preparations from Lupinus polyphyllus cell suspension cultures26 and with chloroplasts.27 These alkaloids are formed from three molecules of lysine by way of cadaverine (25),1,2 and the enzymic evidence26,27 is that conversion of cadaverine into these alkaloids occurs without release of intermediates until 17-oxosparteine (26) is generated the enzyme is a transaminase and not a diamine oxidase. 

Essentially only lupanine (27) is accumulated in cell suspension cultures of Lupinus polyphyllus,29,30 Sarothamnus scoparius,29 and Baptista australis,29,31 whereas the intact plants accumulate other alkaloids. It is reasonable to assume that the cultures will accumulate alkaloids early rather than late in a biosynthetic pathway. Thus lupanine (27) is identified as a likely intermediate in the biosynthesis of the other alkaloids of these plants. In the case of B. australis, these alkaloids are of the pyridone type, e.g. anagyrine (28) and cytisine (29).31 Earlier results with... 

Other isolation studies are summarized in Table l 2-7 five new alkaloids have been obtained this year. Cell suspension cultures of Baptisia australis, Lupinus polyphyllus, and Sarothamnus scoparius produce lower yields of alkaloids than the differentiated plants, with lupanine as the main component8 (cj Vol. 11, p. 63). Examination of the leaf alkaloids of B. australis by g.l.c. and by g.l.c.-m.s. resulted in the identification of eleven constituents, including two new alkaloids.2 The structures and the distribution of some quinolizidine alkaloids that may be used as systematic markers in the Leguminosae have now been supplemented by more recent data.9... 

Occurrence.- Isolation studies are summarised in Table 1, indicating that ten new alkaloids have been obtained. Hartmann and co-workers have continued their investigation of the constituents of Lupinus polyphyllus plants and cell suspension cultures by... 

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