Lupin species

Nicotiana species and certain lupine species also contain potent toxic and teratogenic piperidine alkaloids (Figure 2.4). All teratogenic piperidine alkaloids have specific structural characteristics that are responsible for induction of birth defects. Their molecular structures include a piperidine ring, with a side chain of at least three carbons or larger attached adjacent to... 

Figure 7. The raw extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids from different lupine species in the Research and Teaching Laboratory of Applied Botany of the University of Joensuu (Photo T. Aniszewski). Observe the different colours of the raw extracts, which signifies different concentrations of alkaloids in different species.

L. angustifolius and is, like sparteine, probably found in all lupine species in different concentrations, from main compounds to mere traces. Lupanine is the main alkaloid in the seeds of Lupinus rotundiflorus, Lupinus exaltatus and Lupinus mexicanus. It has been discovered in considerable amounts in Lupinus mon-tanus and Lupinus madrensis, but only traces were noted in Lupinus elegans. Moreover, lupanine occurs in Cytisus scoparius and Leontice eversmannif-. ... 

Aniszewski, T., Drozdov, S. N., Kholoptseva, E. S., Kurets, V. K., Obshatko, L. A., Popov, E. G. and Talanov, A. V. 2001. Effects of light and temperature parameters on net photosynthetic carbondioxide fixation by whole plants of five lupin species Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, and Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 51 17-27. 

Species Lupine species Alkaloid content Effect Ref. 

Cortes Sanchez M de, Altares P, Pedrosa MM, et al. (2004). Alkaloid variation during germination in different lupin species. Food Chem., 90 347-355. 

CijHigNjO, Mr 306.30. cryst., mp. 2I6-217 C, [a] -25° (HjO). A purine derivative from shoots of Lupi-nus angustifolius (a lupine species with small leaves), it is formed from zeatin. 

FIGURE 1.7 Raw extracts of quinolizidine alkaloids from different lupine species in the Research and Teaching Laboratory of Applied Botany of the University of Joensuu. 

Kordan B, Dancewicz K, Wroblewska A, Gabrys B. Intraspecific variation in alkaloid profile of four lupine species with implications for the pea aphid probing behaviour. Phytochem Lett 2012 5(1) 71—7. 

This method is reported to be efficient and suitable for all lupine species. ... 

Alkaloid-Poor and Alkaloid-Rich Lupin Species. 388... 

Lupins are mainly distributed in South and North America, whereas only 12 taxa occur in Europe and North Africa. In Europe, especially L. albus and L. luteus are used as green forage, as manure or are intended for human nutrition. In Australia the main lupin species is L. angustifolius. 

Each of the about 450 lupin species which have been identified differs in both content and composition of QAs. The problem of great difference of QAs content is further complicated as it can fluctuate among the different genetic varieties of the same species. QAs content depends also from environmental conditions, soil characteristics, drought, etc. Moreover, substantial variations are found in the alkaloid patterns of different organs seeds, leaves, pods, roots, flowers. 

Angustifoline (Fig. 14.4) occurs as a major alkaloid only in some lupin species such as L. angustifolius. (Juite often angustifoline is seen as a minor component in Old World species (L. albus, L. micranthus), in South American species (L. mutabilis, L. gibertianus), andinNorth American species (L. elegans,L. leucophyllus,L.perennis). 

The alkaloid profiles are typical and characteristic for a given lupin species producing the so-called alkaloid fingerprint... 

A work by Wink and coworkers (1995) describes the complete alkaloid pattern of the main lupin species [8]. The QAs composition of the four main lupin species is reported above. 

A different matter is the toxicity of other alkaloids occurring in some lupin species like a-pyridone alkaloids, such as cytisine and anagyrine, or piperidine alkaloids, such as ammodendrine. All of them have a high toxicity, mainly teratogenicity [50]. In particular, anagyrine and ammodendrine are responsible of the so-called crooked calf disease. 

Kachlicki, R, Marczak, L., Kerhoas, L. et al. (2005). Profiling isoflavone conjugates in root extracts of lupine species with LC/ESl/MS" systems. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 40, 1088-1103. 

The effects of micronutrients are like those of macronutrients they are not always alike. Mironenko (1965) found that the addition of such micronutrients as B, Mo, Mn, and Cu caused a depression in the alkaloid level in the seeds of three lupine species. Tso et al, (1973) tested 54 elements for their effects on the production of nicotine in plants (Nicotiana tabacum) grown in solution culture. Some elements such as Be, Cu, Pd, Pt, and Sm definitely increased the nicotine yield (over 25%), while other elements had less pronounced effects (Ni, Rb, Ag, Tl, Sn, U, V), and Zn decreased the yield of nicotine. Tso et al. (1972) give a complete and thorough explanation of the role of all the elements in tobacco plants. 

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