Lung tumors neuroendocrine

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the larynx is rare, representing less than 1% of all laryngeal carcinomas. These tumors have been categorized in a similar fashion to lung tumors, into oat cell type, intermediate, and combined. The first two tumor types have typical neuroendocrine differentiation and show... 

Matsuki and colleagues evaluated histidine decarboxylase, an enzyme of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system known to be distributed in mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, with the hypothesis that this enzyme was a marker for neuroendocrine differentiation. The authors found that the anti-histidine decarboxylase antibody stained most small cell lung cancers (18 of 23 sensitivity 0.78) and was rarely reactive with non-neuroendocrine lung tumors... 

Barbareschi M, Mariscotti C, Barberis M, et al. Large cell neuroendocrine of the lung. Tumor. 1989 75 583-588. 

Dirnhofer S, Freund M, Rogatsch H, et al. Selective expression of trophoblastic hormones by lung carcinoma Neuroendocrine tumors produce human chorionic gonadotropin alpha-subunit (hCGa). Hum Pathol. 2000 31 966-972. 

Wick MR, Berg LC, Hertz ML Large cell carcinoma of the lung with neuroendocrine differentiation A comparison with large cell undifferentiated pulmonary tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992 97 796-805. 

Immunohistochemical studies relate polysialic acid-NCAM expression to tumor malignancy in neuroblastoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma [189], neuroendocrine lung tumors [190], Wilm s tumor [191], aggressive colon cancers [192], and pancreatic cancer [193]. In studies on the role of polysialic acid in tumor cell behavior, endosialidase has been used as a tool to remove polysialic acid from the surface of cells and tumors. In a metastasis model using human rhabdomyosarcoma TE671 cells, endoNA injected intraperitoneally reduces the expression of polysialic acid and the number of lung and liver metastases formed from intraperi-toneal primary tumors [194]. For comparison, the effect was not seen with intramuscular primary tumors that cannot be reached by the intraperitoneally injected endosialidase. 

Lantuejoul S, Moro D, Michalides RJ, BrambillaC, BrambillaE (1998) Neural cell adhesion molecues (NCAM) and NCAM-PSA expression in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 22 1267-1276... 

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE). NSE is useful for monitoring the outcome of treatment and the course of disease in patients with neuroendocrine tumors, in particular small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma. The test is not suitable as a screening or adjunct to diagnosis because of low clinical sensitivity and specificity. Elevated serum NSE concentrations are found in patients with ... 

Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme also known as phosphopyru-vate hydratase. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is the form of enolase found in neuronal tissue and in the cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and the amine precursor uptake, and decarboxylation (APUD) tissue. NSE is found in tumors associated with the neuroendocrine origin, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, carcinoid, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, melanoma, and pancreatic endocrine tumors. 

Weitman et al. showed by Northern blot analysis and immunoassays that the folate receptor (type-a) has a very restricted normal tissue distribution (4). Highly elevated receptor expression was only found in the choroid plexus and malignant tissues (4). Garin-Chesa et al. showed by immunohistochemi-cal staining that 52 of 56 ovarian tumor samples displayed highly elevated folate receptor (type-a) expression (5). Receptor overexpression was also found in 10 of 11 endometrial, 6 of 27 colorectal, 11 of 53 breast, 6 of 18 lung, 9 of 18 renal cell, 4 of 5 brain metastases, and 3 of 21 neuroendocrine carcinomas (5). 

Tumors that are characteristically strongly and diffusely positive include those of the salivary glands, lung, breast, ovary, endometrium, bladder, and thymus, as well as mesotheliomas, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreaticobili-ary adenocarcinomas, and the fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma. 33 CK7 is also typically expressed in tumor cells of mammary and extramammary Paget disease. 34... 

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a nuclear tissue-specific protein transcription factor, is found in thyroid and thyroid tumors regardless of histologic type (except anaplastic type), as well as in lung carcinomas including adenocarcinomas (75%), non-small cell carcinomas (63%), neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas (>90%), and squamous cell carcinomas (10%).258-258 Selectively expressed during embryogenesis in the thyroid, the diencephalon of the brain, and in respiratory epithelium, TTF-1 binds to and activates factors for surfactant protein derived from Clara cells.255 TTF-1 is rarely seen in carcinomas outside of the lung or thyroid... 

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas similar to those seen in the lung are exceptionally rare in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. They affect both sexes equally and occur over a broad age range (38 to 68 years in one studyThey may arise either in the nasal cavity or in the paranasal sinuses, especially the ethmoid and maxilla. Though some tumors will remain localized to the site of origin, higher grade tumors are likely to invade into adjacent structures such as the orbit, cribriform plate, or cranial cavity. 

Nearly all small-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SCNCs) involving the mediastinum are metastatic, usually from tumors of the lungs or esophagus. Immunophenotypically, SCNC commonly demonstrates perinuclear punctate labeling for keratin (Fig. 

The immunohistogram of common non-neuroendocrine lung neoplasms is shown in Fig. 12.2. Additional immu-nohistochemical findings in lung neoplasms are listed in Table 12.8). 70-37 Jablg 23 shows an update on the differential expression of TTF-1, CK7, and CK20 in common primary and metastatic tumors of the lung. 

Other primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung include typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The WHO dehnition of typical carcinoid is a tumor with carcinoid morphology and less than 2 mitoses/10 high power held (2 mm ) lacking necrosis and 0.5 cm or larger. ... 

---