Tumor neuroendocrine

Indium-111. Kits for labeling using other radionucHdes include two indium-111 compounds. Indium-111 pentetreotide is used for the scintigraphic localization of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors bearing somatostatin receptors. For octreotide DTP A, the active agent is suppHed in a lyopbilized kit with gentisic acid, citrate buffer, and inositol. 

Macke recently introduced a monoreactive DOTA prochelator (4,7,10-tricarboxymethyl-tert-butyl ester A, A, A", A "-tetraazacyclododecane-1 -acetate), which was coupled to Tyr3—Lys5 (BOQ-octreotide via solid-phase peptide synthesis. A one-step deprotection reaction generated the bioactive compound DOTATOC in about 65% yield.142 The 90Y and 177Lu DOTATOC complexes have shown promise for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors in early clinical trials.143,444... 

The initial panel of antibodies described above is also useful in discriminating among small cell tumors, except that a few additional markers are needed. A panel of neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD57) should be used to differentiate neuroendocrine tumors. The use of a panel rather than just one of these markers is recommended to maximize the ability to detect poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors that lose the... 

Pahiman, S., Esscher, T., and Nilsson, K. (1986) Expression of gamma-subunit of enolase, neuron-specific enolase, in hnman non-neuroendocrine tumors and derived cell lines. Lab. Invest. 54, 554-560. 

Much research has also been conducted on everolimus and other mTOR inhibitors for use in a number of cancers. The PDA has recently approved everolimus for organ rejection prophylaxis on April 22, 2010. A Phase II trial reports it is effective in the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis. In Oct 2010, the PDA approved its use in SEGA unsuitable for surgery. As of Oct 2010 Phase III trials are under way in breast cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET), and lymphoma. ... 

Somatostain receptors Neuroendocrine tumors, lymphomas, renal cell carcinoma, breast tumors (50 %), tumors of nervous systems... 

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE). NSE is useful for monitoring the outcome of treatment and the course of disease in patients with neuroendocrine tumors, in particular small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma. The test is not suitable as a screening or adjunct to diagnosis because of low clinical sensitivity and specificity. Elevated serum NSE concentrations are found in patients with ... 

Somatostatin has a very brief half-life in serum and is not useful clinically. An 8-amino acid analogue with 2 D-amino acids substituted for the naturally occurring L-amino acids is more stable, and monthly injections of a depot form of this analogue (octreotide, Sandostatin LAR) have several uses. Long-acting octreotide is used to treat acromegaly, as described earlier. It is also used to counteract unpleasant effects caused by overproduction of secreted bioactive substances produced by neuroendocrine tumors, including hyperinsulinemia from insulinomas and secretions from carcinoid tumors that cause severe diarrhea. Octreotide may also control severe diarrhea associated with AIDS that has not responded to other treatments. 

Fluorinated dihydroxyphenylalanine p F]DOPA is a precursor for the neurotransmitter dopamine and is commonly used in the imaging of Parkinson s disease. In oncological imaging [ F]DOPA has been assessed for imaging of brain tumors, advanced neuroendocrine tumors and medullary thyroid cancer [215],... 

Two gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid, VIPoma) cause secretory diarrhea and systemic symptoms such as flushing and wheezing. For patients with advanced symptomatic tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery, octreotide decreases secretory diarrhea and systemic symptoms through inhibition of hormonal secretion and may slow tumor progression. 

Rosa, P., and Gerdes, H. H. (1994). The granin protein family Markers for neuroendocrine cells and tools for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. J. Endocrinol Invest. 17, 207-225. 

Anti-Hu HuD, HuC, Hel-Nl Nucleus > cytoplasm (all neurons) Encephalomyelitis, SSN, LE, brain stem encephalitis, cerebellar degeneration, myelitis, gastrointestinal pseudoobstruction, extrapyramidal affection SCLC, neuroendocrine tumors... 

Adams S, Baum R, Rink T, Schumm-Drager PM, Usadel KH, Hor G (1989) Limited value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 25,79-83. 

Koukouraki S, Strauss LG, Georgoulias V, et al. (2006) Comparison of pharmacokinetics of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 1SF-FDG in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors scheduled for 90 Y-DOTATOC therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33, 1115-1122. 

Zitzmann K, Brand S, Baehs S, Goke B, Meinecke J, Spottl G, Meyer H, Auernhammer CJ. Novel interferon-lambdas induce antiproliferative effects in neuroendocrine tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 344 1334 11. 

The monoclonal antibody BER-EP4 recognizes a cell-membrane glycoprotein consisting of two polypeptide chains (mol wt 34 kDa and 39 kDa). Its antigen is expressed on a wide variety of epithelial tumors, including small-cell undifferentiated carcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors. It is not found on nonepithelial or mesothelial tumors. 

Monoamines share the acid environment of the storage granule matrix with ATP, peptides, and proteins, the most well known of which are the chromogranins. The chro-mogranins are ubiquitous components of secretory vesicles and their widespread presence among endocrine tissue has led to their measurement in plasma as useful albeit relatively nonspecific markers of neuroendocrine tumors, including pheochromocytomas and carcinoid tumors. 

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