Low cost strategies

Start reducing co2 anissions now using low-cost strategies. Delay does not reduce the cost of stabilizing co2 emissions.3 Quite the reverse. Delay increases costs for several reasons. 

Moreover, 47 shows selective response to the lysates of bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) containing different types of P-lactamases. This result provides a simple, low-cost strategy to identify P-lactam antibiotic resistant pathogens and to screen the inhibitors of P-lactamases [86]. 

Burner System Modification (BSM). BSM is a relatively underused and low-cost strategy that can produce marked NO,j reductions. It can be used on ring and spud burners, the two main types. BSM may also consist of modifications to the air registers surrounding the burner. These modifications may require a level of expertise not usually found in the boiler house. However, many industrial facilities possess both a machine shop and fabrication capabilities. In such a case, the costs of BSM can be reduced by performing the work in-house under the guidance of a qualified combustion consultant. 

Silva, C. Ross, M. and Farias, T. Analysis and simulation of low-cost strategies to reduce fuel consumption and emissions in conventional gasoline light-duty vehicles,... 

In early 1983, the Korean company Shin Poong pursued a low-cost strategy to produce PZQ-(76) in bulk and to circumvent extensive patent protection, and thus became by 1993 the largest global producer of PZQ-(76). Their strategy involves treatment of chloroacetyl chloride (74) with phenylethylamine (77) to give (78), which then undergoes an amino alkylation reaction with amino acetaldehyde... 

Mechanical Controls. Mechanical controls have been widely used in steam and internal combustion engines. Although they are low-cost, they can only implement simple control strategies. 

Two distinct and simple business strategies for manufacturing household furniture may be described as the provision of either low-cost, short lifespan, or expensive, long lifespan products. The decision on which strategy to take is made at the conception stage of the business and may depend upon existing supply chain links, market opportunities or available workforce skill set for example. It is unlikely that such a strategic decision would ever be made... 

Sensitivity impacts upon the limit of detection and resolution of the device, making it a key performance parameter. Recently, several strategies have been developed in order to provide sensitivity enhancements for optical sensor platforms based on both optical absorption and fluorescence phenomena. These strategies are the result of rigorous theoretical analyses of the relevant systems and, combined with polymer processing technology and planar fabrication protocols, provide a viable route for the development of low-cost, efficient optical sensor platforms. 

The absorption-based platforms described previously employed evanescent wave interrogation of a thin sensing layer coated onto a planar waveguide. A sensitivity enhancement strategy for optical absorption-based sensors based on planar, multimode waveguides was developed recently by us18. The objective was to apply this theory to the development of low-cost, robust and potentially mass-producible sensor platforms and the following section outlines the assumptions and predictions of this theoretical model. 

The demand for mass-producible, low-cost diagnostic chips has had a significant impact on the development trends for optical sensor platforms. Arguably the most important characteristics of recent systems are the integration of multiple functionalities onto a single platform, the ability to perform multianalyte detection and the production of low-cost sensor platforms. These strategies are intended to maximise the viability of a device for development as a commercial product. 

Among the strategies developed for the preparation of optically active ester derivatives, the bakers yeast reduction of the corresponding 0-ketoesters is one of the most useful methods. Because of its low cost, ready availability and its utility, bakers yeast can be considered as a relatively simple reagent which is very easy to handle11-31. 

It should also be noted that there are some producers that have used the concept in this chapter where the chlorine production is combined with EDC production. The VCM plant would then be designed in the so-called unbalanced mode where the feedstocks are EDC and ethylene, not chlorine and ethylene. Effectively, all of the chlorine and one-half of the ethylene come into the unbalanced VCM plant as EDC. Frequently, the reason for this strategy is that EDC is very much easier and safer to store and transport than liquid chlorine. An additional important reason for this configuration is that chlorine can then be produced economically in areas of low-cost power. Often, these are the very same areas where low-cost ethylene is also available. Examples of areas of both low-cost power and low-cost ethylene are the United States Gulf Coast (see Fig. 21.4) and the Middle East. 

Two case studies are presented here that show equipment purchases that were performed by two different companies. The first case study followed the principles and strategy rules previously discussed, and the equipment allowed for high rates, minimal installation time, and a low-cost product. The other case study did not follow the strategies, and the installation and process were flawed by numerous problems. The consequences of not having the proper equipment will be detailed along with the additional costs associated with the mistake. Two additional case studies on equipment installations can be found elsewhere [39]. 

---