Multianalyte detection

The demand for mass-producible, low-cost diagnostic chips has had a significant impact on the development trends for optical sensor platforms. Arguably the most important characteristics of recent systems are the integration of multiple functionalities onto a single platform, the ability to perform multianalyte detection and the production of low-cost sensor platforms. These strategies are intended to maximise the viability of a device for development as a commercial product. 

T.T. Bachmann, B. Leaca, F. Vilatte, J.-L. Marty, D. Fournier and D.R. Schmid, Improved multianalyte detection of organophosphates and carbamates with disposable multielectrode biosensors using recombinat mutants of Drosophila acethylcholinesterase and artificial neural networks, Biosens. Bioelectr., 15 (2000) 193-201. 

A.J. Schuetz, M. Winklmair, M.G. Weller and R. Niessner. Multianalyte detection with an affinity sensor array, Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence - Perspectives for the 21st Century (Ed. by A. Roda, M. Pazzagli, L.J. Kricka and P.E. Stanley, pp. 67-70). Proc. 10th Intern. Symp., 1998, Bologna, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 1999. Available at http //www.ch.tum.de/ wasser/weller/BC99b.pdf. 

Eaulds K, Mackenzie E, Smith WE, Graham D (2007) Quantitative simultaneous multianalyte detection of DNA by dual- wavelength surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed 46(11) 1829-1831... 

Multianalyte detection is becoming the crucial issue for biosensing development. Many areas demand a multianalyte operation environmental screening, with thousands of samples per year to be analysed, genomics and proteomics, pharmaceutical screening, etc. Direct optical detection with evanescent wave sensors could be a possibility but a parallel detection of as many sites as possible is necessary [98]. 

V. Srinivasan, V.K. Pamula, M.G. Pollack and R.B. Fair, A digital microfluidic biosensor for multianalyte detection, Proc. IEEE MEMS (2003) 327-330. 

One of the goals in sensor development is to generate multianalyte detection. OLED pixel arrays present an such sensors in a uniquely simple approach. Recently, been fabricated [45], which are promising for future arrays. Importantly, using combinatorial fabrication, ent colors can be fabricated next to each other. Such for PL-based sensors with analyte-sensitive markers wavelengths. 

Another possibility is the use of cross-reacting Abs for multianalyte detection. Known cross-reactivities of different Abs can be used to calculate the different concentrations of different analytes in a sample containing several contaminants. ) The estimation of the individual concentrations is carried out by complex calculating procedures, e.g. by neural networks or iterative procedures. )... 

Multianalyte detection in a single sample has been reported extensively using electrochemical, piezoelectric, electrical resistance, - and oph-capo 11,33 39 methods. The sensor arrays were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography, - inkjet-, screen-, and pin-prinhng, - and photodeposition.i 34,i4,45 jhese techniques involve labor-intensive multistep fabrication and image analysis and pattern-recognihon codes. The monochromatic or multicolor OLED excitation platform in (micro)arrays would drastically simplify fabrication and reduce cost. 

Chemical cytometry is an analytical technique in which a single cell is isolated and lysed and its contents are separated and detected. The separation step permits quantitative information of multiple analytes to be readily determined. Multianalyte detection is important to measure enzyme activity, determine how biochemical species covary, and elucidate regulatory pathways at the level of individual cells. 

An exciting possibility of heterogeneous immunoassay with ASV detection is its extension to multianalyte detection using multiple metal labels. This concept was successfully applied by Hayes and coworkers in the simultaneous detection of HSA and human IgG in perhaps what is the first multianalyte ECI [74]. Because ASV is an extremely sensitive method that can detect up to about six metals simultaneously, it... 

In spite of the numerous literatures available on environmental sensors, some problems are yet to be solved. These problems concern some of the technical constraints relating to sensor sensitivity, selectivity, multianalyte detection, miniaturization/portability for on-site/field application, time of analysis, fabrication, robustness, instability of biological reagents, and drift in sensor signals. Some solutions to the above problems have been addressed in chapters in this volume and recent literature. 

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