Polymers processes with

Polymers and Supercritical Fluids. Prior to the mid-1980s, Httie information was pubhshed regarding polymer processing with supercritical and near-critical fluids (1). In 1985, the solubiUties of many polymers in near- and supercritical CO2 were reported. These polymers were examined for thek abiUty to increase viscosity in C02-enhanced oil recovery (24). Since then, a number of studies have examined solubiUties of polymers in... 

Kazarian et al. [281-283] have used various spectroscopic techniques (including FUR, time-resolved ATR-FHR, Raman, UV/VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy) to characterise polymers processed with scC02. FTIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy have played an important role in developing the understanding and in situ monitoring of many SCF processes, such as drying, extraction and impregnation of polymeric materials. 

FIGURE 6.12. The effect of morphology on metal/polymer contact (a) polymer processed with aromatic solvent (b) polymer processed with non-aromatic solvents. 

Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids,... 

Embrace the range of polymer processes with emphasis on injection moulding (main process used in Singapore)... 

Rao, N. S., Designing Machines and Dies for Polymer Processing with Computer, Hanser, 1981. 

Polymer processing with supercritical fluids can result in the formation of very fine powders, fine fibers, microspheres, microballoons, and thin films. As indicated in Table 24.6 very fine particles with submicron diameters and ultra-thin films (6 nm) were obtained using RESS. Tepper and... 

In the present paper a kinetic theory of crystal nucleation is considered for the polymers subjected to time-dependent deformation rates, with transient effects of the chain relaxation. The considerations provide a theory useful in modelling fast polymer processing with stress-induced crystallization, like high-speed melt spinning, melt blowing, electro-spinning, etc. 

S.G. Kazarian, Polymer processing with supercritical fluids. Polymer Science Series C 42(1) (2000) 78-101. 

Eckert, C.A., Kazarian, S.G., West, B.L. and Brantley, N.N. (1998) Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids Partitioning of Solutes and cosolvents between Supercriti Fluids and Polymer Matrices, Proceedings of the 5 Meeting on Supercritical Fluids, Nice, pp. 85-88. 

This book helps to choose a path on the basis of an idea, fully described in the chapters, about how one can use the compounding requirements for polymer processing with a much greater understanding and broader approach, as well as providing an overview of compounding ingredients. 

Low residual monomer concentrations are Important because they determine major application properties of the polymer such as weatherabllity. Extremely low limiting values are needed wherever polymers come in contact with foodstuffs or other critical polymer applications such as medical instruments and implants. Odors due to residual monomers cause problems during bulk polymer processing. With this as the background, our work was aimed at achieving a better understanding of the final poljnnerization reaction and the major influences as a first step towards the development of economical processes and optimum products. 

An extensive review on polymer processing using supercritical fluids by Kazarian [21] includes the applications mentioned above. To illustrate the possibilities of polymer processing with SCCO2 from an engineering point of view, two important applications will be discussed in more detail, namely extraction (see Section 21.2.3.1) and impregnation (Section 21.2.3.2). 

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