Liver Volume

Murry DJ, Crom WR, Reddick WE, Bhargava R, Evans WE. Liver volume as a determinant of drug clearance in children and adolescents. Drug Metab Dispos 1995 23(10) 1110-6. 

Wynne HA, Cope LH, Mutch E, et al. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology 1989 9 297-301. 

Hepatocyte Main epithelial cell in the liver. Volume 1(14). 

The rest of the liver volume (about 15%) consists of intravascular space, the space of Disse, lymphatic vessels, and extracellular matrix molecules [8], These matrix proteins, located predominantly in the space of Disse and around blood vessels, consist mainly of basement membrane molecules (collagen type IV, laminin, and fibronectin) and fibronectin) and small amounts of collagen type I, III, VI, undulin, tenascin, and proteoglycans. The matrix proteins determine the specific phenotype and functions of many resident hepatic cells [9-11],... 

Yu, H.C. et al. Estimation of standard liver volume for liver transplantation in the Korean population. Liver Transpl 2004, 10 779-783. 

Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 122 1649-1657 Coatney RW (2001) Ultrasound imaging principles and applications in rodent research. liar Journal 42 233-247 Cockman MD, Hayes DA, Kuzmak BR (1993) Motion suppression improves quantification of rat liver volume in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 30 355-360... 

Liver tissue is composed predominantly of cells called hepatocytes, which occupy 80-88% of the total liver volume in humans. Hepatocytes and other liver cells perform vital functions, such as... 

Although the sinusoidal cells (31 million/mg liver) make up only a relatively small proportion of the liver volume (6.3%), they constitute 30-40% of the total cell number. The total surface area of their plasma membranes is 26.5% of the total membrane surface of all liver cells. (3, 5, 23, 27, 44, 52, 56, 59) (s. figS. 2.8, 2.9)... 

It must, however, be considered that a biopsy punch of 1.5-3.0 cm in length is proportionate to approx. 1/ 50000 of the normal liver volume (J. Volmer et al., 1981). For histological assessment, the punch should be > 1.5 cm long and include at least 4 portal fields the weight of such a bioptate generally amounts to 20-30 mg. The smaller the sample, the more difficult is the histological... 

Kwon, A.H., Matsui, Y., Ha-Kawa, S.K., Kamiyama, Y. Eunctional hepatic volume measured by technetium-99m-galactosyl-human serum albumin liver scintigraphy comparison between hepatocyte volume and liver volume by computed tomography. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2001 96 541-546... 

Gastrointestinal 1 secretions J, rate of stomach emptying J, rate of intestinal transit time J, liver volume and blood flow... 

The primary cell type of the liver is the hepatocyte. Hepatocytes, also known as the hepatic parenchymal cells, form the liver lobnles. Eighty percent of the liver volume is composed of hepatocytes, but only 60% of the total nnmber of cells in the liver... 

Ovftntity of liver Volume L gth of digestxin Argin-m used Arginin de-composed Omithin iormed. Urea formed. 

TUmor volume more than 50% of liver volume Albumin less than 3 mg/dl Bilirubin more than 2 mg/dl... 

Van Hazel first instituted this modification during clinical trials where radiation hepatitis appeared in patients with smaller liver volumes [35]. Unfortunately there has not been a subsequent publication showing the rationale, validity or correlation between BSA, liver volume, tumor volume and radiation hepatitis. It represents a sometimes significant decrease in activity (small patient, small liver) compared to the empiric approach, and at other times, it calls for a modest increase in activity (small patient, large liver) compared to the empiric. It has been demonstrated that the empiric and BSA methods usually overestimate the activity that can be delivered to a patient [36, 37] (Fig. 6.1). 

In addition to the selective distribution of the microspheres to the liver, the distribution within the liver plays a critical role. It should result in low radiation doses to normal liver tissue and a lethal dose (typically more than 120 Gy) to the tumor tissue. Abnormal high radiation doses to normal tissue may result in radiation induced hepatitis with potential risk of liver failure. It is believed that mild radiation hepatitis is more common than initially assumed as some of its indicators including increased splenic and diminished normal liver volumes (suggesting mild portal hypertension) have been reported [51]. 

Moroz P, Anderson JE, Van Hazel G, Gray BN (2001) Effect of selective internal radiation therapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy on normal liver volume and spleen volume. J Surg Oncol 78 248-252... 

Activity depends on the body surface area (BSA) and the extent of tumor liver involvement. BSA in square meters was calculated using standard nomograms. Tumor liver involvement was measured on CT or MRI. The activity was then calculated using the formula Activity (GBq) = (BSA - 0,2) + (tumor volume/total liver volume). The calculated activity was reduced for patients with lung shunt from 10% to 20% and treatment was contraindicated if the lung shunt was higher than 20%. For those patients receiving lobar therapy, the activity could be reduced proportionally to the relative volume of the treated lobe compared to whole liver volume. 

All in all, the median activity administered was 2.20 GBq(rangingfrom0.75to3.20 GBq), the median activity per tumor volume was 0.46 GBq/dl and the median activity per liver volume was 1.26 GBq/1. Using the modification of the partition model that has been explained above, the median doses of irradiation that were more probably delivered to the... 

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